Hábitos de salud, estilos de vida y comorbilidades asociadas a la sarcopenia en las personas mayores
Palabras clave:
anciano frágil, atrofia muscular, envejecimiento, calidad de vida, condición física.Resumen
Introducción: La sarcopenia implica la pérdida de masa y función muscular, lo cual afecta a a personas mayores y deteriora su calidad de vida.Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre sarcopenia, hábitos de salud, estilos de vida y comorbilidades en adultos mayores.
Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo-correlacional, participaron 65 personas mayores de 60 años (71,83 ± 7,31). Se evaluaron hábitos de salud, estilos de vida y comorbilidades, se usaron cuestionarios sobre consumo de alcohol, tabaquismo, niveles de actividad física (NAF), comportamiento sedentario y afecciones como enfermedad vascular periférica, infarto agudo de miocardio, diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia y dolor. La sarcopenia se evaluó según los criterios del Grupo Europeo de Trabajo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores (EWGSOP2). Se utilizó la prueba de ji cuadrado para asociar la presencia de sarcopenia con hábitos de salud, estilos de vida y comorbilidades.
Resultados: Mostraron una asociación significativa entre sarcopenia y diabetes tipo 2 (p= 0,002), (NAF) (p= 0,004) y comportamiento sedentario (p= 0,001). No se encontraron asociaciones significativas con infarto agudo de miocardio (p= 0,356), enfermedad vascular periférica (p= 0,098), hipertensión (p= 0,724), hipercolesterolemia (p= 0,653), tabaquismo (p= 0,267), consumo de alcohol (p= 0,674), dolor en extremidades superiores (p= 0,343), dolor en extremidades inferiores (p= 0,260) o dolor en la columna vertebral (p= 0,418).
Conclusión: La sarcopenia en adultos mayores se asocia significativamente con la diabetes tipo 2, la inactividad física y el comportamiento sedentario.
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16. Alarcón-Rivera M, Cornejo-Mella C, Cáceres-Aravena C, Concha-Cisternas Y, Fernández-Valero P, Guzmán-Muñoz E. Relationship between appendicular muscular mass index and physical function in older people [Internet]. AIMS Public Health. 2024; 11(1):130-40. DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2024006
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19. Silva J, Albala C, Barros C, Jerez J, Villalobos, A, Herrera P, Bustos C. Evaluación funcional adulto mayor EFAM-Chile [Internet]. Medwave. 2005; 5(1), e667. DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2005.01.667
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24. Concha-Cisternas Y, Guzmán-Muñoz E, Valdés-Badilla P, Lira-Cea C, Petermann F, Celis-Morales C. Levels of physical activity and excess body weight in university students [Internet]. Rev Med Chil. 2018; 146(8):840-849. DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872018000800840
25. Guzmán-Muñoz E, Concha-Cisternas Y, Oñate-Barahona A, Lira-Cea C, Cigarroa-Cuevas I, Méndez-Rebolledo G, et al. Factors associated with low quality of life in Chilean adults during the COVID-19 quarantine [Internet]. Rev Med Chil. 2020; 148(12):1759-66. DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872020001201759
26. Romero-Dapueto C, Mahn J, Cavada G, Daza R, Ulloa V, Antúnez M. Hand grip strength values in normal Chilean subjects [Internet]. Rev Med Chil. 2019; 147(6):741-50. DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872019000600741
27. Lera L, Albala C, Ángel B, Sánchez H, Picrin Y, Hormazabal MJ, et al. Anthropometric model for the prediction of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Chilean older adults [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2014; 29(3):611-17. DOI: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7062
28. Mehmet H, Robinson SR, Yang AWH. Assessment of Gait Speed in Older Adults [Internet]. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2020; 43(1):42. DOI: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000224
29. Sayer AA, Cruz-Jentoft A. Sarcopenia definition, diagnosis and treatment: consensus is growing [Internet]. Age Ageing. 2022 [access: 22/04/2024]; 51(10):afac220. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article-pdf/51/10/afac220/46609029/afac220.pdf
30. Gianoudis J, Bailey CA, Daly RM. Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults [Internet]. Osteoporos Int. 2015; 26(2):571-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2895-y
31. Casals-Vázquez C, Suárez-Cadenas E, Estébanez Carvajal FM, Aguilar Trujillo MP, Jiménez Arcos MM, Vázquez Sáchez MÁ. Relationship between quality of life, physical activity, nutrition, glycemic control and sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2017; 34(5):1198-1204. DOI: 10.20960/nh.1070
32. Fonseca H, Powers SK, Gonçalves D, Santos A, Mota MP, Duarte JA. Physical inactivity is a major contributor to ovariectomy-induced sarcopenia [Internet]. Int J Sports Med Internet. 2012; 33(4):268-78. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1297953
33. Burgos Peláez R. Enfoque terapéutico global de la sarcopenia [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2006 [access: 18/04/2024]; 21:51-60. Available from: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0212-16112006000600008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
34. Reid N, Healy GN, Gianoudis J, Formica M, Gardiner PA, Eakin EE, et al. Association of sitting time and breaks in sitting with muscle mass, strength, function, and inflammation in community-dwelling older adults [Internet]. Osteoporos Int. 2018; 29(6):1341-50. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4428-6
35. Tzeng PL, Lin CY, Lai TF, Huang WC, Pien E, Hsueh MC, et al. Daily lifestyle behaviors and risks of sarcopenia among older adults [Internet]. Arch Public Health. 2020; 78(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00498-9
36. González C. Simposio 13: Alcance y significado de la sarcopenia en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [Internet]. Rev Soc Argent Diabetes. 2020 [access: 18/04/2024]; 54(3Sup):49. Available from: https://revistasad.com/index.php/diabetes/article/view/360
37. Souza ABF, Nascimento DAC, Rodrigues IJM, Charone CCO, Lopes GL, Lima RS, et al. Association between sarcopenia and diabetes in community dwelling elderly in the Amazon region - Viver Mais Project [Internet]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Mar; 83:121-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.020
38. Locquet M, Bruyère O, Lengelé L, Reginster JY, Beaudart C. Relationship between smoking and the incidence of sarcopenia: The SarcoPhAge cohort [Internet]. Public Health. 2021; 193:101-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.01.017
39. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Petr M, Kohlikova E, Holmerova I. Relation between cigarette smoking and sarcopenia: meta-analysis [Internet]. Physiol Res. 2015; 64(3):419-26. DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932802
40. Prokopidis K, Witard OC. Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia [Internet]. Nutr Res Rev. 2022; 35(2):197-206. DOI: 10.1017/S0954422421000135
2. National Statistics Institute. Census results [Internet]. NSI; 2024. [access: 11/06/2024]. Available from: https://www.ine.gob.cl/
3. Alvarado García AM, Salazar Maya ÁM. Aging concept analysis [Internet]. Gerokomos. 2014 [access: 11/06/2024]; 25(2):57-62. Available from: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1134-928X2014000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
4. Tieland M, Trouwborst I, Clark BC. Skeletal muscle performance and ageing [Internet]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018; 9(1):3-19. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12238
5. Concha-Cisternas Y, Vargas-Vitoria R, Celis-Morales C. Morphophysiological changes and fall risk in the older adult: a review of the literature [Internet]. Salud Uninorte. 2021 [access: 11/06/2024]; 36(2):450-470. Available from: https://rcientificas.uninorte.edu.co/index.php/salud/article/view-/13284/214421445271
6. Bauer J, Morley JE, Amwj S, Ferrucci L, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dent E, et al. Sarcopenia: A Time for Action. An SCWD Position Paper [Internet]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019; 10(5): 956-61. DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12483
7. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis [Internet]. Age Ageing. 2019; 48(1):16-31. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy169
8. Rojas Bermúdez C, Buckcanan Vargas A, Benavides Jiménez G. Sarcopenia: abordaje integral del adulto mayor [Internet]. Rev Medica Sinerg. 2019 [access: 04/01/2024]; 4(5):24-34. Available from: http://revistamedicasinergia.com/index.php/rms/article/view/194
9. Valdés-Badilla P, Alarcón-Rivera M, Hernandez-Martinez J, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Branco BHM, Núñez-Espinosa C, et al. Factors Associated with Poor Health-Related Quality of Life in Physically Active Older People [Internet]. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(21): 13799. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113799
10. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez S, Alarcón-Rivera M, Concha-Cisternas Y, Valdés-Badilla P, Guzmán-Muñoz E. Asociación entre la condición física y calidad de vida con la fragilidad en personas mayores [Internet]. Rev Cubana Med Mil. 2022 [access:18/04/2024]; 51(2):e02201976. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/1976
11. Roubenoff R, Hughes VA. Sarcopenia: current concepts [Internet]. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000; (12):M716-24. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/55.12.m716
12. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia [Internet]. Lancet. 2019; 393(10191):2636-46. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31138-9
13. Forbes SC, Little JP, Candow DG. Exercise and nutritional interventions for improving aging muscle health [Internet]. Endocrine. 2012; 42(1):29-38. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9676-1
14. Anton SD, Hida A, Mankowski R, Layne A, Solberg LM, Mainous AG, et al. Nutrition and Exercise in Sarcopenia [Internet]. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2018; 19(7):649-67. DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666161227144349
15. Padilla Colon CJ, Sanchez Collado P, Cuevas MJ. Benefits of strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2014; 29(5):979-88. DOI: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.5.7313
16. Alarcón-Rivera M, Cornejo-Mella C, Cáceres-Aravena C, Concha-Cisternas Y, Fernández-Valero P, Guzmán-Muñoz E. Relationship between appendicular muscular mass index and physical function in older people [Internet]. AIMS Public Health. 2024; 11(1):130-40. DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2024006
17. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Petr M, Kohlikova E, Holmerova I. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for sarcopenia - a meta-analysis [Internet]. BMC Geriatr. 2016; 16: 1-7. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0270-x
18. Espinel-Bermúdez MC, Sánchez-García S, García-Peña C, Trujillo X, Huerta-Viera M, Granados-García V, et al. Associated factors with sarcopenia among Mexican elderly: 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey [Internet]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2018 [access: 18/04/2024]; 56(S1):46-53. Available from: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/imss/im-2018/ims181g.pdf
19. Silva J, Albala C, Barros C, Jerez J, Villalobos, A, Herrera P, Bustos C. Evaluación funcional adulto mayor EFAM-Chile [Internet]. Medwave. 2005; 5(1), e667. DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2005.01.667
20. Ministry of Health. National Health Survey 2016-2017 [Internet]. MINSAL; 2018. [access: 30/08/2024]. Available from: https://epi.minsal.cl/resultados-encuestas/?s=encuesta+nacional+de+salud
21. Williams N. The AUDIT questionnaire [Internet]. Occup Med. 2014; 64(4): 308. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqu011
22. Bull FC, Maslin TS, Armstrong T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study [Internet]. J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6(6):790-804. DOI: 10.1123/jpah.6.6.790
23. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr, Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values [Internet]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(8):1575-81. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12
24. Concha-Cisternas Y, Guzmán-Muñoz E, Valdés-Badilla P, Lira-Cea C, Petermann F, Celis-Morales C. Levels of physical activity and excess body weight in university students [Internet]. Rev Med Chil. 2018; 146(8):840-849. DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872018000800840
25. Guzmán-Muñoz E, Concha-Cisternas Y, Oñate-Barahona A, Lira-Cea C, Cigarroa-Cuevas I, Méndez-Rebolledo G, et al. Factors associated with low quality of life in Chilean adults during the COVID-19 quarantine [Internet]. Rev Med Chil. 2020; 148(12):1759-66. DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872020001201759
26. Romero-Dapueto C, Mahn J, Cavada G, Daza R, Ulloa V, Antúnez M. Hand grip strength values in normal Chilean subjects [Internet]. Rev Med Chil. 2019; 147(6):741-50. DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872019000600741
27. Lera L, Albala C, Ángel B, Sánchez H, Picrin Y, Hormazabal MJ, et al. Anthropometric model for the prediction of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Chilean older adults [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2014; 29(3):611-17. DOI: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7062
28. Mehmet H, Robinson SR, Yang AWH. Assessment of Gait Speed in Older Adults [Internet]. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2020; 43(1):42. DOI: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000224
29. Sayer AA, Cruz-Jentoft A. Sarcopenia definition, diagnosis and treatment: consensus is growing [Internet]. Age Ageing. 2022 [access: 22/04/2024]; 51(10):afac220. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article-pdf/51/10/afac220/46609029/afac220.pdf
30. Gianoudis J, Bailey CA, Daly RM. Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults [Internet]. Osteoporos Int. 2015; 26(2):571-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2895-y
31. Casals-Vázquez C, Suárez-Cadenas E, Estébanez Carvajal FM, Aguilar Trujillo MP, Jiménez Arcos MM, Vázquez Sáchez MÁ. Relationship between quality of life, physical activity, nutrition, glycemic control and sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2017; 34(5):1198-1204. DOI: 10.20960/nh.1070
32. Fonseca H, Powers SK, Gonçalves D, Santos A, Mota MP, Duarte JA. Physical inactivity is a major contributor to ovariectomy-induced sarcopenia [Internet]. Int J Sports Med Internet. 2012; 33(4):268-78. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1297953
33. Burgos Peláez R. Enfoque terapéutico global de la sarcopenia [Internet]. Nutr Hosp. 2006 [access: 18/04/2024]; 21:51-60. Available from: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0212-16112006000600008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
34. Reid N, Healy GN, Gianoudis J, Formica M, Gardiner PA, Eakin EE, et al. Association of sitting time and breaks in sitting with muscle mass, strength, function, and inflammation in community-dwelling older adults [Internet]. Osteoporos Int. 2018; 29(6):1341-50. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4428-6
35. Tzeng PL, Lin CY, Lai TF, Huang WC, Pien E, Hsueh MC, et al. Daily lifestyle behaviors and risks of sarcopenia among older adults [Internet]. Arch Public Health. 2020; 78(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00498-9
36. González C. Simposio 13: Alcance y significado de la sarcopenia en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [Internet]. Rev Soc Argent Diabetes. 2020 [access: 18/04/2024]; 54(3Sup):49. Available from: https://revistasad.com/index.php/diabetes/article/view/360
37. Souza ABF, Nascimento DAC, Rodrigues IJM, Charone CCO, Lopes GL, Lima RS, et al. Association between sarcopenia and diabetes in community dwelling elderly in the Amazon region - Viver Mais Project [Internet]. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 Mar; 83:121-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.020
38. Locquet M, Bruyère O, Lengelé L, Reginster JY, Beaudart C. Relationship between smoking and the incidence of sarcopenia: The SarcoPhAge cohort [Internet]. Public Health. 2021; 193:101-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.01.017
39. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Petr M, Kohlikova E, Holmerova I. Relation between cigarette smoking and sarcopenia: meta-analysis [Internet]. Physiol Res. 2015; 64(3):419-26. DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932802
40. Prokopidis K, Witard OC. Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia [Internet]. Nutr Res Rev. 2022; 35(2):197-206. DOI: 10.1017/S0954422421000135
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Publicado
16.10.2024
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1.
Guzmán-Muñoz E, Carreño Oñat MJ, Marilaf Adasme F, Orellana Arellano S, Gutiérrez Muñoz M, Concha-Cisternas Y, et al. Hábitos de salud, estilos de vida y comorbilidades asociadas a la sarcopenia en las personas mayores. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 16 de octubre de 2024 [citado 30 de enero de 2025];53(4):e024060292. Disponible en: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/60292
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