Viruela símica (mpox), una enfermedad reemergente
Palabras clave:
viruela de los simios, virus de la viruela símica, Orthopoxvyrus, Poxyviridae, mpox.Resumen
Introducción: La viruela símica es una zoonosis endémica del África Central y Occidental reportada por primera vez en 1958. Se realizó una búsqueda exploratoria en las bases de datos Pubmed/ Medline, Scopus y SciELO, entre abril y junio de 2022 incluyendo los términos viruela símica y virus de la viruela símica. Un total de 62 artículos científicos con diferentes diseños epidemiológicos fueron seleccionados.Objetivo: Describir aspectos relacionados con la biología, la epidemiología, el diagnóstico, las complicaciones y el tratamiento de la viruela símica.
Desarrollo: El virus de la viruela del mono forma parte de la familia Poxviridae y especie Monkeypox. El contacto directo o indirecto con animales genera su transmisión, puede ser por mordeduras y arañazos, es decir, el virus entra por piel no intacta. También se ha informado la transmisión por contacto estrecho con humanos infectados. La erupción cutánea es signo predominante de esta infección; se presenta en forma de lesiones bien delimitadas y circunscritas, profundas con umbilicación central que progresan por una serie de etapas que van desde máculas, pápulas, vesículas hasta terminar en pústulas.
Conclusiones: La viruela símica es una enfermedad endémica de África central y del oeste africano; sin embargo, en 2022 se han descrito brotes en diferentes partes del mundo. Los pacientes afectados reportan contagio por contacto estrecho. Se recomienda la confirmación de los casos mediante pruebas moleculares de laboratorio. La vacunación contra la viruela presenta una protección cruzada contra la viruela símica. Su administración puede modificar y prevenir la enfermedad clínica.
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2. Cho CT, Wenner HA. Virus de la viruela del mono. Bacteriol Rev. 1973; 37(1):1-18. DOI: 10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973
3. Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7(3):434-8. DOI: 10.3201/eid0703.010311
4. Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, Ogoina D, McCollum A, Disu Y, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017-18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19(8):872-9. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30294-4
5. Mauldin MR, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, Mandra A, Whitehouse ER, Davidson W, et al. Exportation of monkeypox virus from the African continent. J Infect Dis. 2022; 225(8):1367-76. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa559
6. Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, et al. Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016; 22(6):1014-21. DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.150579
7. Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107(37):16262-7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066071
8. Whitehouse ER, Bonwitt J, Hughes CM, Lushima RS, Likafi T, Nguete B, et al. Clinical and Epidemiological Findings from Enhanced Monkeypox Surveillance in Tshuapa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo During 2011-2015. J Infect Dis. 2021; 223(11):1870-8. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab133
9. Hoff NA, Doshi RH, Colwell B, Kebela-Illunga B, Mukadi P, Mossoko M, et al. Evolution of a Disease Surveillance System: An Increase in Reporting of Human Monkeypox Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001-2013. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2017; 25(2):IJTDH.35885. DOI: 10.9734/IJTDH/2017/35885
10. Sadeuh-Mba SA, Yonga MG, Els M, Batejat C, Eyangoh S, Caro V, et al. Monkeypox virus phylogenetic similarities between a human case detected in Cameroon in 2018 and the 2017-2018 outbreak in Nigeria. Infect Genet Evol. 2019; 69:8-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.006
12. Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses. 2020; 12(11):1257. DOI: 10.3390/v12111257
13. Kabuga AI, El Zowalaty ME. A review of the monkeypox virus and a recent outbreak of skin rash disease in Nigeria. J Med Virol. 2019; 91(4):533-540. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25348
14. Patrono LV, Pléh K, Samuni L, Ulrich M, Röthemeier C, Sachse A, et al. Monkeypox virus emergence in wild chimpanzees reveals distinct clinical outcomes and viral diversity. Nat Microbiol. 2020; 5(7):955-65. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0706-0
15. Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, Schwartz Y, Wiener-Well Y, Paran N, et al. Diagnosis of Imported Monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25(5):980-3. DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.190076
16. Doshi RH, Guagliardo SAJ, Doty JB, Babeaux AD, Matheny A, Burgado J, et al. Epidemiologic and Ecologic Investigations of Monkeypox, Likouala Department, Republic of the Congo, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019; 25(2):281-9. DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.181222
17. Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A, Ederiane E, Anebonam U, Neni A, et al. The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PLoS One. 2019; 14(4):e0214229. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214229
18. Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019; 13(10):e0007791. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007791
19. Walsh D. Poxviruses: Slipping and sliding through transcription and translation. PLoS Pathog. 2017; 13(11):e1006634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006634
20. Koutmou KS, Schuller AP, Brunelle JL, Radhakrishnan A, Djuranovic S, Green R. Ribosomes slide on lysine-encoding homopolymeric A stretches. Elife. 2015; 4:e05534. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.05534
21. Magnus P von, Andersen EK, Petersen KB, Birch-Andersen A. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 2009; 46(2):156-76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x
22. Hraib M, Jouni S, Albitar MM, Alaidi S, Alshehabi Z. The outbreak of monkeypox 2022: An overview. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022; 79:104069. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104069
23. Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, et al. Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33(4):1027-1043. DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001
24. Formenty P, Muntasir MO, Damon I, Chowdhary V, Opoka ML, Monimart C, et al. Human monkeypox outbreak caused by novel virus belonging to Congo Basin clade, Sudan, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010; 16(10):1539-45. DOI: 10.3201/eid1610.100713
25. Ramdass P, Mullick S, Farber HF. Viral Skin Diseases. Prim Care. 2015; 42(4):517-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.006
26. Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, et al. Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107(37):16262-7. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005769107
27. Morand A, Delaigue S, Morand JJ. Review of poxvirus: emergence of monkeypox. Med Sante Trop. 2017; 27(1):29-39. DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653
28. Quiner CA, Moses C, Monroe BP, Nakazawa Y, Doty JB, Hughes CM, et al. Presumptive risk factors for monkeypox in rural communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One. 2017; 12(2):e0168664. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168664
29. Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, Petersen BW, Reynolds MG, Briand S, et al. Emergence of Monkeypox - West and Central Africa, 1970-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018; 67(10):306-10. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6710a5
30. Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Emergence of Monkeypox as the Most Important Orthopoxvirus Infection in Humans. Front Public Health. 2018; 6:241. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00241
31. Prier JE, Sauer RM. A pox disease of monkeys. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1960; 85:951-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb50015.x
32. Wenner HA, Macasaet FD, Kamitsuka PS, Kidd P. Monkey pox. I. Clinical, virologic and immunologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1968; 87(3):551-66. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120846
33. Reynolds MG, Carroll DS, Karem KL. Factors affecting the likelihood of monkeypox's emergence and spread in the post-smallpox era. Curr Opin Virol. 2012; 2(3):335-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.004
34. Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination. Trends Microbiol. 2012; 20(2):80-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.001
35. Damon IK. Status of human monkeypox: clinical disease, epidemiology and research. Vaccine. 2011; 29 Suppl 4:D54-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.014
36. Weaver JR, Isaacs SN. Monkeypox virus and insights into its immunomodulatory proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008; 225:96-113. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00691.x
37. Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, Graham MB, Sejvar J, Likos A, et al. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(12):1742-51. DOI: 10.1086/498115
38. Parker S, Nuara A, Buller RM, Schultz DA. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonotic disease. Future Microbiol. 2007; 2(1):17-34. DOI: 10.2217/17460913.2.1.17
39. Bernard SM, Anderson SA. Qualitative assessment of risk for monkeypox associated with domestic trade in certain animal species, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12(12):1827-33. DOI: 10.3201/eid1212.060454
40. Lewis MW, Graham MB, Hammarlund E, Hanifin J, Slifka MK. Monkeypox without exanthem. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(20):2112-4. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc062788
41. Nalca A, Rimoin AW, Bavari S, Whitehouse CA. Reemergence of monkeypox: prevalence, diagnostics, and countermeasures. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(12):1765-71. DOI: 10.1086/498155
42. Harris E. What to Know About Monkeypox. JAMA. 2022; 327(23):2278-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.9499
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Publicado
15.12.2022
Cómo citar
1.
Zuluaga-Gómez M, Quintero-Vanegas S, Gómez-Roldán JA, Agudelo-Herrera AM, Giraldo JP, Gonzalez-Arroyave D, et al. Viruela símica (mpox), una enfermedad reemergente. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 15 de diciembre de 2022 [citado 29 de abril de 2025];51(4):e02202338. Disponible en: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/2338
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