Factores predictores de infección asociada al ictus isquémico

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

ictus isquémico; infección; inmunosupresión; predicción

Resumen

Introducción: La infección asociada al ictus, principalmente la neumonía y la infección del tracto urinario, se reconocen como las causas más frecuentes de muerte y de pobre recuperación funcional.

Objetivo: Identificar los factores que predicen la infección asociada al ictus isquémico.

Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte de 1358 pacientes con diagnóstico de ictus isquémico. Se seleccionaron 976 pacientes divididos en dos grupos (244 casos y 732 controles). Para el análisis estadístico bivariado y multivariado se realizó el cálculo de odds ratio como estimador de riesgo. El desempeño del modelo de regresión se evaluó mediante la bondad de ajuste de Hosmer y Lemeshow, R cuadrado de Nagelkerke y la capacidad discriminativa mediante área bajo la curva COR.

Resultados: Del total, el 25,0 % presentó infección asociada al ictus isquémico. Entre los principales factores independientes se identificaron: historia de EPOC (OR= 4,72; IC95 %= 2,40‑9,26, p= 0,000); NIHSS≥ 12 puntos (OR= 4,62; IC95 %= 2,89-7,38; p= 0,000); disfagia neurógena (OR= 4,61; IC95 %= 2,76‑7,71; p= 0,000); conteo global de linfocitos< 2300 mm3 (OR= 2,58; IC95 %= 1,57-4,24; p= 0,000). El área bajo la curva COR= 0,92.

Conclusiones: El modelo de regresión resultante tiene buena capacidad de predicción.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

1. Ren H, Liu Y, Zhao M, Shen H, Nie S, Gao X, et al: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Signaling Pathways, and Clinical Management [Internet]. Med Comm (2020). 2025;6(12):e70558. DOI: 10.1002/mco2.70558

2. Westendorp WF, Nederkoorn PJ, Vermeij JD, Dijkgraaf MG, van de Beek D. Post-stroke infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:110. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-110

3. Awere-Duodu A, Darkwah S, Osman AH, Donkor ES. A systematic review and meta-analysis show a decreasing prevalence of post-stroke infections [Internet]. BMC Neurol. 2024;24(1):479. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03968-7

4. Fluck D, Fry CH, Robin J, Affley B, Kakar P, Sharma P, et al. Impact of healthcare-associated infections within 7-days of acute stroke on health outcomes and risk of care-dependency: a multi-centre registry-based cohort study [Internet]. Intern Emerg Med. 2024;19(4):919-29. DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03543-5

5. Jiao Q, Liu X, Chen H, Hu Z, Jiao S, Sun Z, et al. Risk Factors and Prognosis Analyses of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Elderly Critically Ill Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Based on Machine Learning [Internet]. Infect Drug Resist. 2025;18:5323-42. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S527856

6. Sandu AM, Chifiriuc MC, Vrancianu CO, Cristian RE, Alistar CF, Constantin M, et al. Healthcare-Associated Infections: The Role of Microbial and Environmental Factors in Infection Control-A Narrative Review [Internet]. Infect Dis Ther. 2025;14(5):933-71. DOI: 10.1007/s40121-025-01143-0

7. Kubde D, Badge AK, Ugemuge S, Shahu S. Importance of Hospital Infection Control [Internet]. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50931. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50931

8. Zhao W, Yu X, Zhang Y, Cai S, Lin J, Qin P, et al. Frontiers and literature review on non-aspiration stroke-associated infections [Internet]. Eur J Med Res. 2026;31(1):296. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-026-03881-4

9. Chen H, Fu C, Fang W, Wang Z, Zhang D, Zhang H. Influence of nutritional status on rehabilitation efficacy of patients after stroke-a scoping review [Internet]. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1502772. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1502772

10. Ahmad M, Ayaz Z, Sinha T, Soe TM, Tutwala N, Alrahahleh AA, et al. Risk Factors for the Development of Pneumonia in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Internet]. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e57077. DOI:10.7759/cureus.57077

11. Li YM, Xu JH, Zhao YX. Predictors of urinary tract infection in acute stroke patients: A cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2020;99(27):e20952. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020952

12. Banda KJ, Chu H, Kang XL, Liu D, Pien LC, Jen HJ, et al. Prevalence of dysphagia and risk of pneumonia and mortality in acute stroke patients: a meta-analysis [Internet]. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):420. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-02960-5

13. Wu B, Luo H, Li J, Chen Y, Liu J, Yu P, et al. The relationship between the Barthel Index and stroke-associated pneumonia in elderly patients and factors of SAP [Internet]. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):829. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05400-8

14. Wang Y, Wang T, Hu S, Cheng Y, Du C, Xu G. Procalcitonin and biomarkers for stroke-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. BMC Pulm Med. 2025;25(1):286. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-025-03750-6

14. Schumann-Werner B, Becker J, Nikoubashman O, Wiesmann M, Schulz JB, Reich A, Pinho J, et al. The relationship between neurogenic dysphagia, stroke-associated pneumonia and functional outcome in a cohort of ischemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy [Internet]. J Neurol. 2023;270(12):5958-65. DOI:10.1007/s00415-023-11940-7

15. Harayama E, Tanaka S, Yamauchi K, Arakawa S. Association of Stroke Impairment Assessment Set and Dysphagia in the 1st Week after Acute Ischemic Stroke with Early Discharge to Home Following Endovascular Therapy: A Retrospective Observational Study [Internet]. PhysTher Res. 2025;28(1):14-21. DOI: 10.1298/ptr.E10313

16. Song X, Chen X, Bai J, Zhang J. Association between pre-stroke sarcopenia risk and stroke-associated infection in older people with acute ischemic stroke [Internet]. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1090829. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1090829

17. Lin YS, Chen JH, Zhuang WH, Huang JN, Chen YH, Zhang J, et al. Gut Microbiota Improve the Prediction of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia Risk and Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke [Internet]. Transl Stroke Res. 2025;16(6):1996-2013. DOI: 10.1007/s12975-025-01363-z

18. He Q, Li G, Zhao J, Zhu H, Mo H, Xiong Z, et al. The impact of dysbiosis in oropharyngeal and gut microbiota on systemic inflammatory response and short-term prognosis in acute ischemic stroke with preceding infection [Internet]. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1432958. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1432958

19. Chen H, Xu M, Huang Y, He J, Ren W. Low triiodothyronine syndrome is associated with stroke-associated pneumonia [Internet]. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(11):e13840. DOI: 10.1111/eci.13840

20. Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP, Caplan LR, Connors JJ, Culebras A, et al. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [Internet]. Stroke. 2013;44(7):2064-89. DOI: 10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca

21. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2025: warning about the dangers of tobacco [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. [acceso: 30/11/2025]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240112063

22. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. Guía ESC 2016 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y crónica [Internet]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2016;69(12): 1167. DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2016.10.014

23. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, et al. Guía ESC 2016 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular, desarrollada en colaboración con la EACTS [Internet]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017 [acceso: 30/11/2025];70(1):50 e1-e84. Disponible en: https://www.revespcardiol.org/es-guia-esc-2016-sobre-el-articuloS0300893216306625

24. Gotera Rivera C, Simón Rodríguez B, Salgado Aranda S. Actualización de las guías clínicas en la EPOC [Internet]. Rev Patol Respir. 2019 [acceso: 30/11/2025]; 22(2): S179-S186.Disponible en: https://www.revistadepatologiarespiratoria.org/descargas/PR_22-S2_S179- S186.pdf

25. Awdishu L, Maxson R, Gratt C, Rubenzik T, Battistella M. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline on evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: A primer on what pharmacists need to know [Internet]. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2025;82(12):660-71. DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaf044

26. Comisión Nacional Técnica Asesora del Programa de Hipertensión Arterial. Hipertensión arterial. Guía para el diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento [Internet]. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 2018.

27. González R. Un criterio taxonómico para los patrones de consumo etílico [Internet]. Rev. Cub. Salud Púb. 2011 [acceso: 30/11/2025]; 37(1): 132-43. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=21417788011

28. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes [Internet]. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425

29. Orlandi González N. Coordinador. Guía cubana de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [Internet]. La Habana: Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología; 2010.

30. Suiter DM, Leder SB. Clinical utility of the 3-ounce water swallow test [Internet]. Dysphagia. 2008;23(3):244-50. DOI: 10.1007/s00455-007-9127-y

31. Mazumdar M, Glassman JR. Categorizing a prognostic variable: review of methods, code for easy implementation and applications to decision-making about cancer treatments [Internet]. Stat Med. 2000;19(1):113-32. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(20000115)19:13.0.co;2-o

32. Li J, Wang Y, Sun X, Lin J, Lai R, Liang J, et al: a simple tool for predicting infection in acute ischemic stroke patients without a ventilator in the Chinese population [Internet]. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(3):300060519888303. DOI: 10.1177/0300060519888303

33. Schweizer J, Bustamante A, Lapierre-Fétaud V, Faura J, Scherrer N, Azurmendi Gil L, et al. SAA (Serum Amyloid A): A Novel Predictor of Stroke-Associated Infections [Internet]. Stroke. 2020;51(12):3523-30. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030064

34. Huang M, Wang W, Li WL, Chen YQ, Chen XT, Liu Y, et al. Construction and evaluation of a nomogram model for predicting the risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke [Internet]. BMC Geriatr. 2025;25(1):340. DOI: 10.1186/s12877-025-05936-3

35. Jitpratoom P, Boonyasiri A. Determinants of urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients with acute ischemic stroke [Internet]. BMC Neurol. 2023;23(1):251. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03296-2

36. Liu XC, Chang XJ, Zhao SR, Zhu SS, Tian YY, Zhang J, et al. Identification of risk factors and construction of a nomogram predictive model for post-stroke infection in patients with acute ischemic stroke [Internet]. World J Clin Cases. 2024;12(20):4048-56. DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i20.4048

37. Telec M, Frydrychowicz M, Kazmierski R, Wojtasz I, Dworacki G, Kozubski W, et al. Circulating CD4+, CD8+, and double-negative T cells in ischemic stroke and stroke-associated infection: a prospective case-control study [Internet]. Front Cell Neurosci. 2025;19:1547905. DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2025.1547905

38. Hasse IMC, Grosse GM, Schuppner R, Van Gemmeren T, Gabriel MM, Weissenborn K, et al. Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers in Early Prediction of Stroke-Associated Infections [Internet]. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(22):13747. DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213747

39. Westendorp WF, Dames C, Nederkoorn PJ, Meisel A. Immunodepression, Infections, and Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke [Internet]. Stroke. 2022;53(5):1438-48. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.038867

40. Shi K, Wood K, Shi FD, Wang X, Liu Q. Stroke-induced immunosuppression and poststroke infection [Internet]. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018;3(1):34-41. DOI: 10.1136/svn-2017-000123

41. Faura J, Bustamante A, Miró-Mur F, Montaner J. Stroke-induced immunosuppression: implications for the prevention and prediction of post-stroke infections [Internet]. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18(1):127. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02177-0

42. Yuan S, Wang J, Xu D, Deng Y, Huang W, Wu T, et al. Association of Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio with Sepsis and Mortality in Critically Ill Stroke Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study from MIMIC-IV [Internet]. Neurohospitalist. 2026:19418744261419989. DOI: 10.1177/19418744261419989

43. Huang YW, Yin XS, Li ZP. Association of the stress hyperglycemia ratio and clinical outcomes in patients with stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Front Neurol. 2022;13:999536. DOI:10.3389/fneur.2022.999536

44. Jitpratoom P, Boonyasiri A. Factors associated with an increased risk of developing pneumonia during acute ischemic stroke hospitalization [Internet]. PLoS One. 2024;19(1):e0296938. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296938

45. Zhang X, Xiao L, Niu L, Tian Y, Chen K. Comparison of six risk scores for stroke-associated pneumonia in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis [Internet]. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:964616. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.964616

46. Liu K, Yang L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Zhang H, et al. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR): A Strong Predictor of Disease Severity in Large-Artery Atherosclerosis (LAA) Stroke Patients [Internet]. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:195-202. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S500474

47. Huang YW, Zhang Y, Feng C, An YH, Li ZP, Yin XS. Systemic inflammation response index as a clinical outcome evaluating tool and prognostic indicator for hospitalized stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):474. DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01446-3

Descargas

Publicado

11.09.2026

Cómo citar

1.
Suárez Quesada A, Saborit Oliva Y, López Espinosa EE, Quesada Vázquez AJ, Álvarez Aliaga A, Ortiz Suárez M. Factores predictores de infección asociada al ictus isquémico. Rev. cuba. med. mil [Internet]. 11 de septiembre de 2026 [citado 12 de septiembre de 2026];55(3):e026077547. Disponible en: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/77547

Número

Sección

Artículo de Investigación