Initial approach to Epidermal Growth Factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Keywords:
COVID-19, epidermal growth factor, inflammation, serum biomarkers.Abstract
Introduction: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor plays a critical role in lung inflammation. Data exploring the role of its canonical ligand are scarce. Exploring potential and new biomarkers expands diagnostic and therapeutic options, providing resilience in complex healthcare contexts.Objective: To describe the behavior of serum epidermal growth factor levels and evaluate its possible impact in the context of patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Methods: Controlled exploratory study with quota sampling, in patients with COVID-19 admitted at the "Saturnino Lora Hospital", and 23 apparently healthy subjects, active donors of Blood Bank "Renato Guitar Rosell". For EGF determinations, the commercial UMELISA EGF kit from the Cuban Immunoassay Center was used. Summary measures: absolute frequency, percentage, and the arithmetic mean were used. The statistical significance of observable differences between groups was explored with the chi-square test or Welch's t test with α= 0.05.
Results: 46 subjects enrolled in the study, (23) 50% positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Between COVID-19 vs. control, general differences were observed regarding epidermal growth factor (g=1.4465; p= 0.0000*), similar behavior was observed with respect to sex and age. In COVID-19 regarding severity, slight differences were generally observed depending on severity (g= 0.2152), a trend that was accentuated in the case of males (g= 1.1677) and females (g= 0.7533), the latter comparatively minor.
Conclusions: Determining serum EGF in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 could have a predictive value for severity in patients with COVID-19.
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References
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8. de Almeida SMV, Santos Soares JC, Dos Santos KL, Alves JEF, Ribeiro AG, Jacob ÍTT, et al. COVID-19 therapy: What weapons do we bring into battle? [Internet]. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.2020; 28(23):115757. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757
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10. London HD, Armada JJ, Martínez AH, Abdo Cuza AA, Sánchez YH, Rodríguez AG, et al. Blocking EGFR with nimotuzumab: a novel strategy for COVID-19 treatment. [Internet]. Immunotherapy. 2022; 14(7):521-30. DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0027
11. Saavedra D, Añé-Kourí AL, Gregorich EML, Mena J, Lorenzo-Luaces P, London HD, et al. Immune, inflammatory and prothrombotic parameters in COVID-19 patients treated with an anti EGFR antibody. [Internet]. Immunol Lett. 2022; 251-252:1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.09.005
12. Castells Martínez EM, del Valle R, González EC, Melchor A, Pérez PL, González I, et al. An enzyme immunoassay for determining epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human serum samples using an ultramicroanalytical system. [Internet]. J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2017; 38(2):190-201. DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1236729
13. Crombet Ramos T, Santos Morales O, Dy GK, León Monzón K, Lage Dávila A. The Position of EGF Deprivation in the Management of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021; 11:639745. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.639745
14. Ministry of Public Health. National Action Protocol for Covid-19. Version 1.7. Havana: Minsap; 2021.
15. Ministry of Public Health. Regulation D 03-21 Good Clinical Laboratory Practices. Havana: Center for State Control of Medicines, Medical Equipment and Devices (CECMED); 2021. [access: 22/04/2021]. Available at: https://www.cecmed.cu/sites/default/files/adjuntos/Regla-mentacion/ResRegBPLC%20firmada.pdf
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19. Sohn KM, Lee SG, Kim HJ, Cheon S, Jeong H, Lee J, et al. COVID-19 patients upregulate toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory signaling that mimics bacterial sepsis. [Internet]. J Korean Med Sci. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 35(38):e343. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989935/
20. Cortese M, Lee JY, Cerikan B, Neufeldt CJ, Oorschot VMJ, Köhrer S, et al. Integrative imaging reveals SARS-CoV-2-induced reshaping of subcellular morphologies. [Internet]. Cell Host Microbe. 2020; 28(6):853-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.003
21. Zanza C, Romenskaya T, Manetti AC, Franceschi F, La Russa R, Bertozzi G, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis and therapy. [Internet]. Medicine (Kaunas). 2022 [access: 12/04/2024]; 58(2):144. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35208467
22. Monserrat J, Gómez-Lahoz A, Ortega M, Sanz J, Muñoz B, Arévalo-Serrano J, et al. Role of innate and adaptive cytokines in the survival of COVID-19 patients. [Internet]. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 [access: 12/04/2024]; 23(18):10344. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36142255
23. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. [Internet]. Lancet. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 395(10223):497-506. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986264
24. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. [Internet]. Lancet. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 395(10229):1033-4. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192578
25. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. [Internet]. Nature. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 579(7798):270-3. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32015507
26. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. [Internet]. Cell. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 181(2):271-280.e8. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32142651
27. Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Innate immunity, cytokine storm, and inflammatory cell death in COVID-19. [Internet]. J Transl Med. 2022; 20(1): 542. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03767-z
28. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. [Internet]. Nat Commun. 2020; 11(1):1620. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9
29. Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, Ye G, Geng Q, Auerbach A, et al. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. [Internet]. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 117(21):11727-34. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32376634
30. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. [Internet]. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021; 19(3):141-54. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
31. Qian YR, Guo YI, Wan HY, Fan L, Feng Y, Ni L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer through inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. [Internet]. Oncol Rep. 2013 [access: 12/04/2024]; 29(6):2408-14. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23545945
32. Zhong J, Li L, Wang Z, Bai H, Gai F, Duan J, et al. Potential resistance mechanisms revealed by targeted sequencing from lung adenocarcinoma patients with primary resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). [Internet]. J Thorac Oncol. 2017 [access: 12/04/2024]; 12(12):1766-78. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28818608
33. Deben C, Le Compte M, Siozopoulou V, Lambrechts H, Hermans C, Lau HW, et al. Expression of SARS-CoV-2-related surface proteins in non-small-cell lung cancer patients and the influence of standard of care therapy. [Internet]. Cancers (Basel). 2022 [access: 12/04/2024]; 14(17):4074. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077610
34. Engler M, Albers D, Von Maltitz P, Groß R, Münch J, Cirstea IC. ACE2-EGFR-MAPK signaling contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection. [Internet]. Life Sci Alliance. 2023 [access: 12/04/2024]; 6(9):e202201880. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37402592
35. Yoo J, Perez CER, Nie W, Edwards RA, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E. TNF- α induces upregulation of EGFR expression and signaling in human colonic myofibroblasts. [Internet]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012 [access: 12/04/2024]; 302(8):G805-14. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22301110
36. Yoo J, Rodriguez Perez CE, Nie W, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E. TNF- α and LPA promote synergistic expression of COX-2 in human colonic myofibroblasts: role of LPA-mediated transactivation of upregulated EGFR. [Internet]. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013 [access: 12/04/2024]; 13(1):90. DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-13-90
37. Chen J, Chen JK, Nagai K, Plieth D, Tan M, Lee TC, et al. EGFR signaling promotes TGF β -dependent renal fibrosis. [Internet]. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 [access: 12/04/2024]; 23(2):215-24. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22095949
38. Zhuang S, Liu N. EGFR signaling in renal fibrosis. [Internet]. Kidney Int Suppl. 2014 [access: 12/04/2024]; 4(1):70-4. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26312153
39. Single cell type - EGFR - The Human Protein Atlas. Proteinatlas.org. [access: 12/04/2024]. Available at: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000146648-EGFR/single+cell+type
40. Single cell type - ACE2 - The Human Protein Atlas: single cell type. Proteinatlas.org. [access: 12/04/2024]. https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000130234-ACE2/single+cell+type
41. Kjær IM, Olsen DA, Alnor A, Brandslund I, Bechmann T, Madsen JS. EGFR and EGFR ligands in serum in healthy women; reference intervals and age dependency. [Internet]. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019; 57(12):1948-55. DOI: 10.1515/ccLM-2019-0376
42. Meybosch S, De Monie A, Anné C, Bruyndonckx L, Jürgens A, De Winter BY, et al. Epidermal growth factor and its influencing variables in healthy children and adults. [Internet]. PLoS One. 2019 [access: 12/04/2024]; 14(1):e0211212. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30677083
43. Blair P, Flaumenhaft R. Platelet α -granules: Basic biology and clinical correlates. [Internet]. Blood Rev. 2009 [access: 12/04/2024];23(4):177-89. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19450911
44. Kardas G, Daszyńska-Kardas A, Marynowski M, Brząkalska O, Kuna P, Panek M. Role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in asthma as an immunoregulatory factor mediating airway remodeling and possible pharmacological target. [Internet]. Front Pharmacol. 2020 [access: 12/04/2024]; 14(11):47. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32116722
45. Chaudhary PK, Kim S, Kim S. Shedding light on the cell biology of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications. [Internet]. Life (Basel). 2023 [access: 12/04/2024]; 13(6):1403. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37374185
46. González Pérez I, Cáceres Lavernia HH, Carr Pérez A, León Monzón K. Measurement of Serum EGF Levels, a Methodological Approach: Learning What Means Low-/High-Concentration of EGF In Serum". Some Clinical Implications. [Internet]. J Mol Biomark Diagn. 2017; 8(335):2. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9929.1000335
Published
2024-10-02
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Pérez Hernández HJ. Initial approach to Epidermal Growth Factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2024 Oct. 2 [cited 2025 Apr. 3];53(4):e024060858. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/60858
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