Nomograms in cardiology: from evidence to clinical practice
Keywords:
cardiac rehabilitation; nomograms; precision medicine; primary health careAbstract
Introduction: Nomograms are graphical tools that integrate multiple variables to estimate individualized probabilities of clinical outcomes, and they have demonstrated predictive capacity superior to traditional scales.
Objective: To characterize the clinical value of nomograms as precision medicine tools in cardiology, with an emphasis on their application in primary care and cardiac rehabilitation.
Development: Evidence shows that nomograms have as much value as scales such as TIMI or Framingham, and they allow estimating not only major adverse events but also functional outcomes, therapeutic adherence, and response to interventions. Their potential is relevant in primary care, for early stratification and chronic disease management; and in cardiac rehabilitation, to predict therapeutic compliance, individualize exercise prescription, and optimize resources. However, barriers persist such as insufficient external validation, the risk of methodological bias and the lack of integration into health information systems.
Conclusions: To incorporate nomograms into routine cardiological practice, a coordinated effort is required that includes external validation of existing models in local populations, methodological standardization, and their technological integration at the point of clinical care.
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