Tuberculosis from a health problem to a biological weapon
Keywords:
tuberculosis, social disease, bioweapons.Abstract
Tuberculosis remains as the world's leading infectious killer, but it is not a political priority. With the knowledge of Tuberculosis, it is able to control and eradicate it, as there are proven methods of diagnosis and effective therapeutic schemes. But there are factors that perpetuate the problem, such as social inequality, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the increase in risk populations, the absence of a protective vaccine, deficiencies in Tuberculosis control programs and drug resistance. The development of multi-drug resistant and extremely resistant Tuberculosis reveals a weakening of care services, so Tuberculosis from being a preventable and curable disease, is becoming a virtually incurable disease is considered an indicator of public health negligence. At present, healing is only achieved in 52 % of patients with 21-24-month regimens and a cost per patient of 50,000 to 100,000 US dollars. The increase in multi-resistance and the ability of Tuberculosis to take advantage of and accentuate socioeconomic inequalities in a population, increasing the destabilization of an area or country has led to this disease being included in the list of possible biological weapons. Taking into account the importance of this disease, the factors that can influence its control and its role as a bioterrorist weapon, it was decided to analyze the elements that make Tuberculosis a social disease and a health emergency are analyzed.Downloads
References
2. Moreno Gómez JG. La Tuberculosis un viejo problema con nuevos desafíos. Investigaciones Andinas. 2011 [acceso: 5/04/2019];13(23):247-248. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=239019089001
3. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Informe mundial sobre la Tuberculosis. Ginebra: OMS; 2016. [acceso: 5/04/2019]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr2016_executive-_summary_es.pdf
4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Global Tuberculosis report 2018. Ginebra: OMS; 2018. [acceso: 5/04/2019]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274453
5. Dudley JP, Woodford MH. Bioweapons, Biodiversity, and Ecocide: Potential Effects of Biological Weapons on Biological Diversity: Bioweapon disease outbreaks could cause the extinction of endangered wildlife species, the erosion of genetic diversity in domesticated plants and animals, the destruction of traditional human livelihoods, and the extirpation of indigenous cultures. BioScience. 2002 [acceso: 8/11/2018];52(7):583-92. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-abstract/52/7/583/247983
6. Fitzgerald DW, Sterling TR, Haas DW. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. En Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editor. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Infectious Disease Essentials. Philadelphia, editorial Elsevier. 2017 [acceso: 25/05/2020]: p365-370. Disponible en: https://cpncampus.com/biblioteca/files/original/1ef846128012b54344b-d46c1024c6877.pdf
7. Wei X, Zou G, Yin J, Walley J, Yang H, Kliner M, et al. Providing financial incentives to rural-to-urban Tuberculosis migrants in Shanghai: an intervention study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2012 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 1;1(1):9. DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-1-9.
8. Dheda K, Gandhi NR, Theron G, Migliori GB, Warren R. Global control of Tuberculosis: from extensively drug-resistant to untreatable Tuberculosis. Lancet Respir Med.2014 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 2(4):321-38. DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70031-1.
9. Pedrazzoli D, Boccia D, Dodd P J, Lonnroth K, Dowdy D W, Siroka A, et al. Modelling the social and structural determinants of Tuberculosis: opportunities and challenges. Int J TubercLungDis. 2017 [acceso: 14/05/2019]; 21(9):957-964. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0906.
10. Boccia D, Hargreaves J, Lönnroth K. Cash transfer and microfinance interventions for Tuberculosis control: review of the impact evidence and policy implications. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011 [acceso: 14/05/2019]; 15(suppl 2):37-49. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21740658
11. Ortega Alvelay A, Osorio Pagola MF, Barrios Fuentes PJ, García Morales SE. La desnutrición y la Tuberculosis: dos flagelos del subdesarrollo. A propósito de un caso atendido en Timor Leste. Medisur. 2010 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 8(2):64-70. Disponible en: https://www.medisur.sld.cu/index.php/medisur/article/view/1019
12. Martínez Rodríguez IM. Caracterización genotípica de Mycobacterium Tuberculosis en Cuba en 2009 por MIRU - VNTR- 24. [Tesis de Máster en Bacteriología Micología]. La Habana: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri; 2013.
13. Tanimura T, Jaramillo E, Weil D, Raviglione M, Lönnroth K. Financial burden for Tuberculosis patients in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Eur Respir J.2014 [acceso: 26/04/2019]; 43:1763-75. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00193413.
14. Rudgard WE, Carter DJ, Scuffell J, Cluver LD, Fraser-Hurt N, Boccia D. Cash transfers to enhance TB control: lessons from the HIV response. BMC Public Health. 2018 [acceso: 26/04/2019]; 18:1052 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5962-z
15. Kimbrough W, Saliba V, Dahab M, Haskew C, Checchi F. The burden of Tuberculosis in crisis-affected populations: a systematic review. Lancet Infect. 2012 [acceso: 26/04/2019]; 12:950-65. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174381
16. Llácera A, Fernández-Cuenca R, Martínez-Navarro F. Crisis económica y patología infecciosa. Informe SESPAS 2014. Gac Sanit. 2014 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 28(S1):97-103 Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.02.015
17. Frith J. History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 - Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. 2014 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 22(2):29-35. Disponible en: https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-Tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/
18. Michelle Ziegler. War as a Driver in Tuberculosis Evolution.
[actualizado: 18/01/2017; acceso: 20/05/2019]. Disponible en: https://contagions.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/%EF%BB%BFwar-as-a-driver-in-tuberculosis-evolution/
19. Coutts A, McKee M, Stuckler D. The emerging Syrian health crisis. Lancet. 2013 [acceso: 26/04/2019]; 381(9865): e6-e7.Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0140673613600537
20. Webster PC. lraq's health system yet to heal from ravages of war. Lancet. 2011 [acceso: 26/04/2019]; 378(9794):863-66. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0140673611613998
21. Reeves A, Basu S, McKee M, Stuckler D, Sandgren A, Semenza J. Social protection and Tuberculosis control in 21 European countries, 1995-2012: a cross-national statistical modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis.2014 [acceso: 26/04/2019];14:1105-12. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70927-2
22. de Andrade LOM, Pellegrini FA, Solar O, Rígoli F, de Salazar LM, Castell-Florit Serrate P, et al. Social determinants of health, universal health coverage, and sustainable development: case studies from Latin American countries. Lancet. 2015 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 4;385(9975):1343-51. DOI: 10.016/S0140-6736(14)61494-X.
23. Ortblad KF, Salomon JA, Bärnighausen T, Atun R. Stopping Tuberculosis: a biosocial model for sustainable development. Lancet. 2015 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 386:2354-62. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00324-4
24. Mendoza Ticona A, Gotuzzo Herencia E, Tuberculosis extremadamente resistente (TB-XDR), historia y situación actual. Acta méd. peruana. 2008 [acceso: 18/07/2018]; 25(4):236-46. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1728-59172008000400011&lng=es
25. Caminero Luna JA. Retos y posibilidades ante la Tuberculosis multirresistente. Arch Bronconeumol. 2017 [acceso: 24/04/2019];53(8):417-418. Disponible en: https://www.archbronconeumol.org/index.php?p=revista&tipo=pdf-simple&pii=S0300289617300455
26. Park M, Satta G, Kon O M. An update on multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis. Clinical Medicine. 2019 [acceso: 17/04/2019]; 19(2):135-9 Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6454369/
27. Long ER. El control de la Tuberculosis en el ejército de los estados unidos durante la II guerra mundial. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP). 1946 [acceso: 17/04/2019];25(1):10 Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/15079
28. Croddy EA, Wirtz JJ, Larsen A. Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, technology, and history. California: ABC CLIO; 2005.
[acceso: 29/05/2019]. Disponible en: https://books.google.com.cu/books?id=ZzlNgS70OHAC&pg=PA292&dq-=war+weapons+and+Tuberculosis&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj81eOzz77jAhXHt1kKHU0ZCHgQ6AEIKTAA#-v=onepage&q=war%20weapons%20and%20Tuberculosis&f=false
29. Moran GJ, Talan DA, Abrahamian FM. Biological Terrorism. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2008 [acceso: 26/04/2019]; 22(1):145-87. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18295687
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who have publications with this Journal accept the following terms:
- The authors will retain their copyright and guarantee the Journal the right of first publication of their work, which will simultaneously be subject to the Creative Commons Attribution License. The content presented here can be shared, copied and redistributed in any medium or format; Can be adapted, remixed, transformed or created from the material, using the following terms: Attribution (giving appropriate credit to the work, providing a link to the license, and indicating if changes have been made); non-commercial (you cannot use the material for commercial purposes) and share-alike (if you remix, transform or create new material from this work, you can distribute your contribution as long as you use the same license as the original work).
- The authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for the distribution of the published version of the work (for example: depositing it in an institutional electronic archive or publishing it in a monographic volume) as long as the initial publication in this Journal is indicated.
- Authors are allowed and recommended to disseminate their work through the Internet (e.g., in institutional electronic archives or on their website) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase citations. of the published work.