Salud mental de la población en tiempos de guerra, según características sociodemográficas

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

análisis estadístico; desplazados internos; factores sociodemográficos; GAD-7; guerra; PCL-5; PHQ-9; refugiados; salud mental; salud pública

Resumen

Introducción: La guerra en Ucrania ha empeorado de manera significativa la salud mental de la población civil. Factores socio-demográficos como edad, género, educación y situación laboral influyen en el bienestar psicológico de los desplazados internamente (PDI) y los refugiados; sin embargo, sus efectos aún no se han estudiado lo suficiente.

Objetivo: Identificar las particularidades de los estados psicoemocionales de diferentes categorías de población afectada, comparando a desplazados internos y refugiados.

Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo transversal con 200 encuestados (100 PDI y 100 refugiados). Se aplicaron herramientas estandarizadas (PHQ-9, GAD-7, PCL-5). El análisis estadístico incluyó estadística descriptiva, pruebas t, pruebas χ² y análisis de regresión múltiple.

Resultados: Los refugiados mostraron puntuaciones significativamente más altas de depresión (PHQ-9: 12,6 ± 4,9) y ansiedad (GAD-7: 11,8 ± 4,6) en comparación con los desplazados internos (10,2 ± 4,3 y 9,5 ± 4,1, respectivamente). Los síntomas de TEPT fueron más graves en los desplazados internos (PCL-5: 44,3 ± 13,2) que en los refugiados (39,7 ± 12,5). El empleo se identificó como un fuerte factor protector; reduciendo la depresión (β = –0,34), ansiedad (β = ‑0,29) y TEPT (β = –0,25). El sexo femenino y la edad avanzada fueron predictores significativos de mayor malestar psicoemocional.

Conclusiones: El empleo es el factor protector más importante, mientras que las mujeres y los desplazados de mayor edad enfrentan mayores riesgos de salud mental. Este primer estudio comparativo ucraniano sobre desplazados internos y refugiados, según factores sociodemográficos, apoya intervenciones psicosociales específicas y exige una investigación longitudinal durante la guerra.

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Citas

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Publicado

28.02.2026

Cómo citar

1.
Nesen O, Gelbak A, Bohucharova O, Kokarcha Y, Vozniuk A. Salud mental de la población en tiempos de guerra, según características sociodemográficas. Rev. cuba. med. mil [Internet]. 28 de febrero de 2026 [citado 5 de marzo de 2026];55(1):e026076969. Disponible en: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/76969

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Artículo de Investigación