Principios básicos y uso en medicina de la espectroscopia de impedancia

José Luis García Bello, Taira Teresa Batista Luna, Néstor Juan Rodríguez de la Cruz

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Resumen

Introducción: La impedancia de los tejidos biológicos o bioimpedancia es la relación entre la diferencia de potencial de 2 puntos en el tejido evaluado. Esta medida, depende de los componentes de tipo resistivo (resistencia al flujo iónico), capacitivo e inductivo (permitividad de la membrana). Los tejidos no presentan un comportamiento puramente resistivo, por lo cual su impedancia depende de la frecuencia y su caracterización, por lo tanto, necesita del uso de corrientes a diferentes frecuencias. Esta forma de medición se denomina espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, en los últimos 5 años, en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline, Scielo, LILACS, EBSCO y Excerpta Medica.
Objetivo: Describir los principios básicos de la espectroscopia de impedancia y profundizar en sus aplicaciones médicas.
Desarrollo: Se encontraron aplicaciones de la espectroscopia de impedancia para el diagnóstico en: 1) Oncología, 2) Vías digestivas, 3) Enfermedades pulmonares y 4) Enfermedades neurológicas. Sobre la aplicación diagnóstica, en la literatura consultada se obtuvieron resultados que corroboran la utilidad de la espectroscopia de impedancia como un método diagnóstico.
Conclusiones: Mediante la espectroscopia de impedancia es posible conocer la respuesta eléctrica de tejidos biológicos en un amplio rango de frecuencias. Esto permite la caracterización de los tejidos biológicos; así como la evaluación de su transformación de sanos a patológicos.

Palabras clave

espectroscopia de impedancia eléctrica; espacio extracelular; espacio intracelular; diagnóstico; tejidos.

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