Cardiovascular risk in healthy women
Keywords:
risk factors, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular physiology, gender identity.Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are a health problem and one of the main causes of death worldwide. They present high morbidity and mortality in women between the ages of 40 and 59, a period that coincides with natural menopause.Objective: To characterize cardiovascular risk in healthy female patients.
Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in 96 healthy women. Epidemiological and clinical variables, nutritional assessment, abdominal circumference, laboratory studies (triacylglycerides, glycemia and total cholesterol) were studied, and cardiovascular risk stratification was performed. A frequency analysis was performed and Pearson's chi-square test was used for comparisons.
Results: The most representative group was 20 to 29 years old, the risk factors with the highest incidence were abdominal circumference above 88 cm, body mass index above 25 kg/m2, high cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia with association statistically significant (p<0.000), women without risk factors prevailed in those under 40 years of age, low cardiovascular risk in all ages; moderate and high was more significant between 40 and 49, and between 50 and 59 years of age (p<0.000).
Conclusions: Low cardiovascular risk predominates in women under 40 years of age without association of risk factors; in those over 40 the moderate predominates, with associations between risk factors. Increased BMI, high cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and abdominal circumference greater than 88 cm were the most important risk factors and were related to age.
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References
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2. Oramas Hernández L, Lugones Botell M, Massip Nicot J. Riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres de edad mediana en el Policlínico "Mártires del Corynthia". Rev Cubana Obstet Ginecol. 2016 [acceso: 06/11/2020]; 42(1): [aprox. 10 p.]. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138-600X2016000100010
3. Ministerio de Salud Pública. Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2018. La Habana: Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud; 2019. [acceso: 05/01/2021]. Disponible en: https://files.sld.cu/bvscuba/files/2019/04/Anuario-Electr%C3%B3nico-Espa%C3%B1ol-2018-ed-2019-compressed.pdf
4. Miguel Soca PE, Rivas Estévez M, Sarmiento Teruel Y, Mariño Soler AL, Marrero Hidalgo M, et al. Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en mujeres con menopausia. Rev Fed Arg Cardiol. 2014 [acceso: 19/10/2021]; 43(2): 90-6. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pedro-Enrique-Miguel-Soca/publication/286156215_Risk_factors_of_cardiovascular_disease_in_menopa-usal_women/links/5674-556208aebcdda0de22fe/Risk-factors-of-cardiovascular-disease-in-menopausal-women.pdf
5. Kelley AM, Curry I, Powell-Dunford N. Medical Suspension in Female Army Rotary-Wing Aviators. Military Medicine. 2019 [acceso: 06/11/2020]; 184(3-4): e143-7. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/184/3-4/e143/5042804?login=true
6. Chen X, Ramanan B, Tsai S, Jeon-Slaughter H. Differential Impact of Aging on Cardiovascular Risk in Women Military Service Members. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 [acceso: 06/11/2020]; 9(12): [aprox. 26 pag.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32515249/
7. Saeed A, Kampangkaew J, Nambi V. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017 [acceso: 06/11/2020];13(4): 185-92. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935277/pdf/i1947-6094-13-4-185.pdf
8. Soysal P, Veronese N, Arik F, Kalan U, Smith L, Isik AT. Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale-Short Form can be useful for frailty screening in older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2019 [acceso: 06/11/2020]; 17(14): 693-9. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6475097/pdf/cia-14-693.pdf
9. Barrios Osuna I, Anido Escobar V, Morera Pérez M. Declaración de Helsinki: cambios y exégesis. Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 2016 [acceso: 01/08/2020]; 42(1): 132-42. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubsalpub/csp-2016/csp161n.pdf
10. Vieira RS, Gallo AM, Carvalho CJA, Araujo JP, Cabral R, Eler GJ. Risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease in women. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2016 [acceso: 01/08/2020]; 35(1): 35-47. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1052/105250003005.pdf
11. Martorell M, Ramirez-Alarcón K, Labraña AM, Barrientos D, Opazo M. Menopausia y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres chilenas. Rev Med Chile. 2020 [acceso: 11/03/2021]; 148: 178-86. Disponible en: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/rmc/v148n2/0717-6163-rmc-148-02-0178.pdf
12. Toth MJ, Tchernof A, Sites CK, Poehlman ET. Effect of menopausal status on body composition and abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 [acceso: 11/03/2021]; 24(2): 226-31. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/0801118.pdf
13. Karvonen-Gutiérrez C, Kim C. Association of Mid-Life Changes in Body Size, Body Composition and Obesity Status with the Menopausal Transition. Healthcare (Basel). 2016 [acceso: 01/08/2020]; 4(3): [aprox. 12 pag.]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5041043/pdf/healthcare-04-00042.pdf
14. Stevenson JC, Tsiligiannis S, Panay N. Cardiovascular Risk in Perimenopausal Women. Current Vascular Pharmacology. 2019; 17(6): 591-94. DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666181002145340
15. Vargas CE, Ortega SJ, Leandro K, Alfonso ML, Sandoval C. Riesgo cardiovascular en la población de los 18 a 60 años en la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia. Rev. Investig. Desarro. Innov. 2016 [acceso: 16/08/2020]; 6(2): 169-77. Disponible en: https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/investigacion_duitama/article/view/4604/3825
16. Shufelt C, Pacheco C, Twee MS, Miller VM. Sex-specific physiology and cardiovascular disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018; 1065: 433-54. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_27
17. Collinsa P, Webba CM, de Villiersb T, Stevensona JC, Panayb N, Baberd RJ, et al. Evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular en las mujeres-Una puesta al día. CLIMACTERIC. 2016; [acceso: 19/03/2019]. [aprox. 7 pag.]. Disponible en: https://www.imsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/wmd-2016-white-pages-spanish.pdf
Published
2022-02-18
How to Cite
1.
Jiménez López M, Hidalgo Mesa CJ, Cepero Rodríguez I, Rojas Hernández S, Ortiz Madrazo NM. Cardiovascular risk in healthy women. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2022 Feb. 18 [cited 2025 Apr. 3];51(1):e02201682. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/1682
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