Frequency and time trend of drug search for COVID-19 in South America
Keywords:
coronavirus infections, therapeutics, drug therapy, Google Trends, South America.Abstract
Introduction: A variety of drugs have been used throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, but the search trend during the period 2020-2021 is unknown.Objective: To determine the frequency and time trend in the search for drugs to combat COVID-19 in 5 South American countries.
Methods: A secondary data analysis study was carried out, obtaining the information through the Google Trends platform, with the search for 4 drugs and 1 substance during the entire period of the pandemic. Descriptive results were obtained.
Results: The term "paracetamol" had the highest search trend in April-May in Peru, maintaining high percentages to date in all five countries. For the term "hydroxychloroquine", the search reached 100% on 15 March 2020 in Brazil. For the search term "ivermectin", Peru reached 100% of searches with the appearance of the first case reports, Brazil reached 65% only in the fifth week. In the case of "azithromycin", there was a high search trend in Peru with a peak of 100% in April-May 2020. For "chlorine dioxide", the country with the highest search rate was Argentina, in August 2020 it reached 100%.
Conclusions: Some of the drugs had a similar search trend during the beginning of the pandemic, such as paracetamol, but others followed different trends, decreasing in recent months.
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References
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27. Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020; 57(1):279-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005
28. MINSA. MINSA aprueba documento técnico que establece el uso de determinados fármacos en tratamiento de personas afectadas por COVID-19. DIRIS Lima Norte. 2020 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.dirislimanorte.gob.pe/minsa-aprueba-documento-tecnico-que-establece-el-uso-de-determinados-farmacos-en-tratamiento-de-personas-afectadas-por-covid-19/
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30. Kashour Z, Riaz M, Garbati MA, AlDosary O, Tlayjeh H, Gerberi D, et al. Efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021; 76(1):30-42. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa403
31. Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, Lofgren SM, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020; 173(8):623-31. DOI: 10.7326/M20-4207
32. Axfors C, Schmitt AM, Janiaud P, van't Hooft J, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdo EF, et al. Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1):2349. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z
33. OMS. La OMS interrumpe los grupos de tratamiento de la COVID-19 con hidroxicloroquina y con la combinación lopinavir/ritonavir. Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2020 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news/item/04-07-2020-who-discontinues-hydroxychloroquine-and-lopinavir-ritonavir-treatment-arms-for-covid-19
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35. Gupta D, Sahoo AK, Singh A. Ivermectin: potential candidate for the treatment of Covid 19. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020; 24(4):369-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.06.002
36. Román YM, Burela PA, Pasupuleti V, Piscoya Rivera JA, Vidal JE, Hernández Diaz AV. Ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 74(6):1022-9. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab591
37. Cepelowicz Rajter J, Sherman MS, Fatteh N, Vogel F, Sacks J, Rajter J-J. Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: The ivermectin in COVID nineteen study. Chest. 2021; 159(1):85-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009
38. Cadegiani FA, Goren A, Wambier CG, McCoy J. Early COVID-19 therapy with azithromycin plus nitazoxanide, ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine in outpatient settings significantly improved COVID-19 outcomes compared to known outcomes in untreated patients. New Microbes New Infect. 2021; 43(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100915
39. Popp M, Stegemann M, Metzendorf M-I, Gould S, Kranke P, Meybohm P, et al. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 7(CD0150):1-159. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3
40. FDA Consmumers Update O of the. Por qué no debe utilizar la ivermectina para tratar o prevenir el COVID-19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA; 2021 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/articulos-en-espanol/por-que-no-debe-utilizar-la-ivermectina-para-tratar-o-prevenir-el-covid-19
41. Iglesias Osores SA, Saavedra Camacho JL, Alcántara Mimbela M, Córdova Rojas LM. Dióxido de cloro y su repercusión en las tendencias de búsquedas en internet en tiempos de la COVID-19. Rev Inf Científica. 2021 [acceso: 06/01/2022]; 100(3):e3435. Disponible en: http://revinfcientifica.sld.cu/index.php/ric/article/view/3442/4671
2. Kumar V. Emerging human coronavirus infections (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19): Where they are leading us. Int Rev Immunol. 2021; 40(1-2):5-53. DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1800688
3. Córdova-Aguilar A, Rossani A. G. COVID-19: Revisión de la literatura y su impacto en la realidad sanitaria peruana. Rev Fac Med Humana. 2020; 20(3):471-7. DOI: 10.25176/rfmh.v20i3.2984
4. Nwokolo CI, Ogbuagu MI, Iwegbu O. The global shock in economic activities: Covid-19 pandemonium. BizEcons Q. 2020; 10(1):21-30. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-20705/v1
5. Zumla A, Chan JFW, Azhar EI, Hui DSC, Yuen K-Y. Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016; 15(5):327-47. DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.37
6. Huang B, Ling R, Cheng Y, Wen J, Dai Y, Huang W, et al. Characteristics of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 and related Therapeutic Options. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020; 18:367-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.013
7. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020; 889(173644):1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173644
8. Jean S-S, Lee P-I, Hsueh P-R. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020; 53(3):436-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034
9. Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, et al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(15):732-9. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa237
10. Bleyzac N, Goutelle S, Bourguignon L, Tod M. Azithromycin for COVID-19: More than just an antimicrobial? Clin Drug Investig. 2020; 40(8):683-6. DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00933-3
11. Lescano J, Pinto C. Ivermectina dentro del protocolo de tratamiento para la COVID-19 en Perú: Uso sin evidencia científica. Salud Tecnol Vet. 2020; 8(1):27-34. DOI: 10.20453/stv.v8i1.3789
12. Pergolizzi JV, Varrassi G, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Paladini A, Taylor R, et al. COVID-19 and NSAIDS: A narrative review of knowns and unknowns. Pain Ther. 2020; 9(2):353-8. DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00173-5
13. Burela A, Hernández-Vásquez A, Comandé D, Peralta V, Fiestas F. Dióxido de cloro y derivados del cloro para prevenir o tratar la COVID-19: revisión sistemática. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Pública. 2021; 37(4):605-10. DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.6330
14. Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencias. Coronavirus / COVID-19: Recomendación ibuprofeno u otros AINES vs paracetamol. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 2020 [acceso: 04/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://covid19-evidence.paho.org/handle/20.500.12663/504
15. Mass General. El uso de AINEs en pacientes con COVID-19: Preguntas y respuestas con Bryan D. Hayes, farmacéutico. Massachusetts General Hospital. 2020 [acceso: 04/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.massgeneral.org/es/coronavirus/el-uso-de-aines-en-pacientes-con-covid-19
16. Rosenberg ES, Dufort EM, Udo T, Wilberschied LA, Kumar J, Tesoriero J, et al. Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA. 2020; 323(24):2493-502. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.8630
17. Heidary F, Gharebaghi R. Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2020; 73(9):593-602. DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0336-z
18. Zavala-Flores E, Salcedo-Matienzo J. Medicación prehospitalaria en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en un hospital público de Lima-Perú. Acta Médica Peru. 2020; 37(3):393-5. DOI: 10.35663/amp.2020.373.1277
19. Quispe-Cañari JF, Fidel-Rosales E, Manrique D, Mascaró-Zan J, Huamán-Castillón KM, Chamorro-Espinoza SE, et al. Self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Peru: A cross-sectional survey. Saudi Pharm J. 2021; 29(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.001
20. Marcolino VA, Pimentel TC, Barão CE. What to expect from different drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19: A study on applications and in vivo and in vitro results. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020; 887(173467):173467. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173467
21. Ali MJ, Hanif M, Haider MA, Ahmed MU, Sundas F, Hirani A, et al. Treatment options for COVID-19: A review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020; 7:480. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00480
22. Mega ER. Latin America's embrace of an unproven COVID treatment is hindering drug trials. Nature. 2020; 586(7830):481-2. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-02958-2
23. Mujica Alvarez AL, Mejia CR. Asociación del uso de ivermectina en la mortalidad de pacientes con la COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar. 2022 [acceso: 29/06/2022]; 51(2):e02201913. Disponible en: http://www.revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/1913
24. Giachetto G, Pardo L, Speranza N, Rodríguez A, Zunino C, Notejane M, et al. Dióxido de cloro y derivados en la prevención y tratamiento de la COVID-19. Arch Pediatría Urug. 2021; 92(1):e501. DOI: 10.31134/ap.92.1.10
25. Direction générale de la Santé. Comunicado oficial de la Dirección General de Sanidad de Francia sobre el uso del ibuprofeno para tratar el COVID-19. ASSCAT. 2020 [acceso: 05/01/20222]. Disponible en: https://asscat-hepatitis.org/comunicado-oficial-de-la-direccion-general-de-sanidad-de-francia-sobre-el-uso-del-ibuprofeno-para-tratar-el-covid-19/
26. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4):e21. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8
27. Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020; 57(1):279-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005
28. MINSA. MINSA aprueba documento técnico que establece el uso de determinados fármacos en tratamiento de personas afectadas por COVID-19. DIRIS Lima Norte. 2020 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.dirislimanorte.gob.pe/minsa-aprueba-documento-tecnico-que-establece-el-uso-de-determinados-farmacos-en-tratamiento-de-personas-afectadas-por-covid-19/
29. Madacki ACA. Infodemia e desinformação sobre o "tratamento precoce da covid-19" no Twitter e no Facebook de Bolsonaro. J Sci Commun América Lat. 2021; 4(2):A02. DOI: 10.22323/3.04020202
30. Kashour Z, Riaz M, Garbati MA, AlDosary O, Tlayjeh H, Gerberi D, et al. Efficacy of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021; 76(1):30-42. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa403
31. Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, Bangdiwala AS, Abassi M, Lofgren SM, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020; 173(8):623-31. DOI: 10.7326/M20-4207
32. Axfors C, Schmitt AM, Janiaud P, van't Hooft J, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdo EF, et al. Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19 from an international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1):2349. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22446-z
33. OMS. La OMS interrumpe los grupos de tratamiento de la COVID-19 con hidroxicloroquina y con la combinación lopinavir/ritonavir. Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2020 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news/item/04-07-2020-who-discontinues-hydroxychloroquine-and-lopinavir-ritonavir-treatment-arms-for-covid-19
34. FDA Newsroom. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA revokes emergency use authorization for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquin. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA; 2020 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-revokes-emergency-use-authorization-chloroquine-and
35. Gupta D, Sahoo AK, Singh A. Ivermectin: potential candidate for the treatment of Covid 19. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020; 24(4):369-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.06.002
36. Román YM, Burela PA, Pasupuleti V, Piscoya Rivera JA, Vidal JE, Hernández Diaz AV. Ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 74(6):1022-9. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab591
37. Cepelowicz Rajter J, Sherman MS, Fatteh N, Vogel F, Sacks J, Rajter J-J. Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: The ivermectin in COVID nineteen study. Chest. 2021; 159(1):85-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009
38. Cadegiani FA, Goren A, Wambier CG, McCoy J. Early COVID-19 therapy with azithromycin plus nitazoxanide, ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine in outpatient settings significantly improved COVID-19 outcomes compared to known outcomes in untreated patients. New Microbes New Infect. 2021; 43(1):1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100915
39. Popp M, Stegemann M, Metzendorf M-I, Gould S, Kranke P, Meybohm P, et al. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 7(CD0150):1-159. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3
40. FDA Consmumers Update O of the. Por qué no debe utilizar la ivermectina para tratar o prevenir el COVID-19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA; 2021 [acceso: 05/01/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/articulos-en-espanol/por-que-no-debe-utilizar-la-ivermectina-para-tratar-o-prevenir-el-covid-19
41. Iglesias Osores SA, Saavedra Camacho JL, Alcántara Mimbela M, Córdova Rojas LM. Dióxido de cloro y su repercusión en las tendencias de búsquedas en internet en tiempos de la COVID-19. Rev Inf Científica. 2021 [acceso: 06/01/2022]; 100(3):e3435. Disponible en: http://revinfcientifica.sld.cu/index.php/ric/article/view/3442/4671
Published
2022-11-06
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Anaya-Albinagorta AV, Balcazar-Aniceto KX, Bravo-Verastegui E, Chuquiruna-Mantilla V, Murga-Mogollon C, Vinelli-Arzubiaga D, et al. Frequency and time trend of drug search for COVID-19 in South America. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2022 Nov. 6 [cited 2025 Feb. 1];51(4):e02202210. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/2210
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