Ecotoxicological evaluation of the residues of Lippia alba Mill. on Eisenia andrei (earthworm)
Keywords:
medicinal plants, earthworm, toxicology, rutin.Abstract
Introduction: Lippia alba is a plant widely distributed around the world. Its extracts and essential oils are used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations, including anti-inflammatory frictions. There is currently no scientific information available on the impact the impact of plant residues generated in the production of these formulations on the soil ecosystem, which makes large-scale production of this product difficult. In this ecosystem, the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) is a representative biomodel.Objective: To evaluate the toxicity of the vegetal waste generated during the production of herbal formulations of Lippia alba on Eisenia andrei.
Methods: A preliminary phytochemical characterization was made through phytochemical screening, profiling by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of phenols by Folin-Ciocalteu and flavonoids by aluminum chloride methods. The evaluation in earthworm was carried out by contact and degradation tests on soil, worm humus and artificial substrates.
Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and saponins. Rutin was identified as the major compound in the chromatographic profile. In the direct contact test of the aqueous extract, no signs of toxicity were observed, so we continued with the residue degradation test, in which total degradation was evidenced in the humus substrate at 56 days; this was not the case for the rest of the substrates.
Conclusions: The plant residue of the hydroalcoholic extract of Lippia alba do not show toxicity on E. andrei.
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References
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24. Mapula M, Manyevere A, Kwabena K, Munjonji L. Characterisation of Chamaecytisus tagasaste, Moringa oleifera and Vachellia karroo Vermicomposts and Their Potential to Improve Soil Fertility. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22): 9305. DOI: 10.3390/su12229305
25. Kiyasudeen S, Jessy RS, Ibrahim MH. Earthworm's gut as reactor in vermicomposting process: A mini review. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2014; 4(7): 2250-3153 [acceso: 26/01/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0714.php?rp=P312891
26. Pradas A. Tratamiento de residuos orgánicos mediante vermicompostaje: Interacciones lombriz-microorganismo y aplicaciones biotecnológicas del vermicompost. España: Universidad de la Laguna; 2020. [ acceso: 15/12/2022]. Disponible en: http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/21696
27. González D. Determinación de la materia orgánica del suelo mediante espectroscopia de reflectancia vis-NIR en áreas cultivadas con boniato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) [Tesis de maestría]. Santa Clara: Universidad Central "Marta Abreu"; 2018. [acceso: 28/12/2022]. Disponible en: https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/server/api/core/bitstreams/34113939-b74c-41bf-857c-77b0cbfb247b/content
28. Dohaish EJAB. Vermicomposting of organic waste with Eisenia fetida increases the content of exchangeable nutrients in soil. Pak J Biol Sci. 2020; 23(4): 501-9. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.501.509
2. Chaverri C, Ramón-Farías F, Cicció JF. Chemistry of essential oils of the shrub Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) from Mexico and Costa Rica. UNED Res. J. 2022; 14(2): e4005. DOI: 10.22458/urj.v14i2.4005
3. Ortega M, Acosta E, Molina A, Gutiérrez C, Castro G y Tofiño A. Actividad biológica de los aceites esenciales del arbusto Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) . Rev Biol Trop. 2020; 68(1): 344-59. DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v68i1.39153
4. Gomes AF, Almeida MP, Ruela ALM, Amaral JG, David JM, Leite MF. Development and evaluation of physical and release properties of a tablet formulation containing dry dydroethanolic extract from Lippia alba leaves. J Herb Med. 2021; 29: 100459. DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100459
5. MINSAP. Formulario Nacional de Fitofármacos y Apifármacos. La Habana: ECIMED. 2017 [acceso: 28/01/2023]. Disponible en: https://instituciones.sld.cu/cimeq/2018/01/09/formulario-nacional-de-fitofarmacos-y-apifarmacos-segunda-edicion-ano-2017/
6. Varela SA, Brasil JG. Uso de compost en la producción de plantines de especies forestales. Argentina: INTA digital; 2011. [acceso: 31/01/2023]. Disponible en: https://repositoriosdigitales.mincyt.gob.ar/vufind/Record/INTADig_4be4f15d4cc-5e38489a40dac04295d6e
7. Abadi B, Mahdavian S, Fattahi F. The waste managment of fruit and vegetable in wholesale markets: Intention and behavior analysis using path análisis. J Clean Prod. 2021; 279: 123802. DOI: 10.1016/j.clepro.2020.123802
8. González Y, Villalobos J. Manejo ambiental de residuos orgánicos: Estado del arte de la generación de compostaje a partir de residuos sólidos provenientes de sistemas de trampa de grasa y aceite. Tecnol Marcha. 2021; 34(2): 11-22. DOI: 10.18845/tm.v34i2.4843
9. EPA. Ecological effects test guidelines. OCSPP 850.3100: Earthworm Subchronic Toxicity Test; 2012. [acceso: 15/01/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0154-0019
10. Miranda MM, Cuéllar AC. Manual de prácticas de laboratorio: Farmacognosia y productos naturales. La Habana: Editorial Félix Varela; 2000.
11. Hsu BY, Lin SW, Stephen B, Chen BH. Simultaneous determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. (djulis) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. J Pharm. Biomed Anal. 2017; 132: 109-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.027
12. OECD. Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Test No. 207: Earthworm, acute toxicity test. Paris: OECD; 1984. DOI: 10.1787/9789264070042-en
13. EPA. Ecological effects test guidelines. OCSPP 850.3100: Earthworm subcronic toxicity test. Harmonized Test Guidelines. Series 885 Microbial Pesticides Test Guidelines-Final Guideline; 1996. [acceso: 04/01/2023]. Disponible en: http://www.epa.gov/test-guidelines-pesticides-and-toxic-substances/series-850
14. MINSAP. Regulación No 39/04: Principios de las Buenas Prácticas de Laboratorio no Clínico de Seguridad Sanitaria y Medioambiental. La Habana: CECMED; 2004. [acceso: 26/01/2023]. http://www.cecmed.cu /sites/default/files/adjuntos/Reglamentacion/reg_39-04_principios_de_buenas_practicas_de_laboratorio_no_clinico_de_seguridad_sani-taria_y_medio_ambiental.pdf
15. Svenska Institutet for Standarder. Guideline DIS 11268-1: Soil quality-effects of pollutants on earthworms. Part 1: Determination of acute toxicity to Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei. Geneva: SIS; 2012. [acceso: 03/02/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.sis.se/std-915467
16. Timoteo P, Karioti A, Leitao SG, Vincieri FF, Bilia AR. A validated HPLC method for the analysis of herbal teas from three chemotypes of Brazilian Lippia alba. Food Chem J. 2015; 175: 366-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.129
17. Ferraz A, Prates M, Freire M, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Halabalaki M, et al. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the two chemotypes of Lippia alba.Food Chem J. 2019; 273: 186-93. DOI: 10.1016./j.foodchem. 2017.11.089
18. Chávez ML, Sepulveda L, Kumar D, Luna HA, Rodríguez LV, Ilina A, et al. Conventional and emerging extraction processes of flavonoids. Processes. 2020; 8(4): 434-40. DOI: 10.3390/pr8040434
19. Adejoke H, Louis H, Amusam OO, Apebende G. A review on classes, extraction, purification and pharmaceutical importance of plants alkaloids. J Med Chem Sci. 2019; 2: 130-9. DOI: 10.26655/jmchemsci.2019.8.2
20. Sette-De-Souza PH, do Rego SE, Macedo MR, Batista S, da Rocha A, de Oliveira TJ, et al. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of extracts of Lippia alba (Mill). NE Brown. Afr. J Microbiol Res. 2014; 8(29): 2783-7. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2014.6791
21. Texeira G, Siqueira FJM, Lima WG, Ferreira AL, Duarte AJM, Rodrigues dos Santos LLA. Phytochemical characterization and bioprospection for antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Lippia alba Brown ex Britton & Wilson (Verbenaceae). Nat Prod Res. 2018; 32(6):723-31. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1335727
22. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. The pharmacological potential of rutin. Saudi Pharm J. 2017; 25(2): 149-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.04.025
23. Pavela R, Morshedloo M, Mumivand H, Khorsand GJ, Karami A, Maggi F, et al. Phenolic monoterpene-rich essential oils from Apiaceae and Lamiaceae species: insecticidal activity and safety evaluation on non-target earthworms. Entomol Gen. 2020; 40(4): 421-35. DOI: 10.1127/entomología/2020/1131
24. Mapula M, Manyevere A, Kwabena K, Munjonji L. Characterisation of Chamaecytisus tagasaste, Moringa oleifera and Vachellia karroo Vermicomposts and Their Potential to Improve Soil Fertility. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22): 9305. DOI: 10.3390/su12229305
25. Kiyasudeen S, Jessy RS, Ibrahim MH. Earthworm's gut as reactor in vermicomposting process: A mini review. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2014; 4(7): 2250-3153 [acceso: 26/01/2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0714.php?rp=P312891
26. Pradas A. Tratamiento de residuos orgánicos mediante vermicompostaje: Interacciones lombriz-microorganismo y aplicaciones biotecnológicas del vermicompost. España: Universidad de la Laguna; 2020. [ acceso: 15/12/2022]. Disponible en: http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/21696
27. González D. Determinación de la materia orgánica del suelo mediante espectroscopia de reflectancia vis-NIR en áreas cultivadas con boniato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) [Tesis de maestría]. Santa Clara: Universidad Central "Marta Abreu"; 2018. [acceso: 28/12/2022]. Disponible en: https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/server/api/core/bitstreams/34113939-b74c-41bf-857c-77b0cbfb247b/content
28. Dohaish EJAB. Vermicomposting of organic waste with Eisenia fetida increases the content of exchangeable nutrients in soil. Pak J Biol Sci. 2020; 23(4): 501-9. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.501.509
Published
2023-08-09
How to Cite
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Noa Rodríguez AC, Domínguez Linares Y, Gutiérrez Gaitén YI, Beiro Castro O, Díaz González M, Scull Lizama R, et al. Ecotoxicological evaluation of the residues of Lippia alba Mill. on Eisenia andrei (earthworm). Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2023 Aug. 9 [cited 2025 Apr. 4];52(3):e02302950. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/2950
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