The cerebrovascular disease and their risk factors
Keywords:
cerebrovascular disease, risk factors, high blood pressure, smoking.Abstract
Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are the third leading cause of death and the first cause of disability in the world.
Objective: To measure the associations between cerebrovascular strokes and their risk factors.
Methods: A descriptive study was carried out, the series was made up of 904 patients diagnosed upon admission of cerebrovascular disease, in the period from June 2017 to June 2018 at the Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay. The different clinical forms of cardiovascular disease were analyzed based on the variables age, sex, smoking, alcoholism, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures.
Results: 54.7% of patients were older than 70 years and 58.7% were male. Smoking was found in 87.7 % of atherothrombotic stroke and in 89.2 % of intraparenchymal hemorrhages and alcohol in 64.6 % of intraparenchymal hemorrhages. More than 80 % of the patients with ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke were hypertensive, and cardioembolic stroke was associated in 91.9 % with cardiac arrhythmia.
Conclusions: Cerebrovascular disease was predominant over 70 years old and male. Ischemic strokes are more frequent than hemorrhagic ones. High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent risk factors for both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas. Biblioteca Médica Nacional. Accidente cerebrovascular. Diagnóstico, terapia y factores de riesgo. Bibliomed. 2017 [acceso: 12/05/2017]; 24(6): [aprox. 12 p.]. Disponible en: https://files.sld.cu/bmn/files/2017/06/bibliomed-junio-2017.pdf
2. Díaz R, Díaz J, Fuenmayor Ojeda V, Parejo JA. Insuficiencia Cardíaca Aguda: Análisis Clínico Epidemiológico. Med Interna. 2018 [acceso: 20/02/2019]; 34 (4): 224 - 36. Disponible en: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e111/f9b9cd9db3b02d6a89795db-42ba5b1c210a2.pdf
3. Berenguer Guarnaluses LJ, Pérez Ramos A. Factores de riesgo de los accidentes cerebrovasculares durante un bienio. MEDISAN. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 20(5): [aprox. 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3684/368446344005.pdf
4. Tomás Abadal L, Varas Lorenzo C, Bernadas Bernart E, Balaguer Vintró I. Coronary risk factors and a 20year incidence of coronary heart disease and mortality in a mediterranean industrial population. Rev Eur Heart J. 1994[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 15(8): 1028-36. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988593
5. García Hernández JA, Celestrin Marcos S. Enfermedad cerebrovascular. En: Vicente Peña E, coordinador. Medicina Interna. Diagnóstico y tratamiento. La Habana: ECIMED; 2016. p. 641-655. Disponible en: https://www.bvs.sld.cu/libros_texto/medicinainter_diag_ttmo_segun-daedicion_nuevo/cap_82.pdf
6. Young Bang OH, Ovbiagele B, Jong Kim S. Factores de riesgo no tradicionales para el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico: una actualización. Stroke.2015 [acceso: 20/02/2019]; 46(12): [aprox. 8 p.]. Disponible en: https://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/46/12/3571.full.pdf?download=true
7. Reyes Méndez C, Fierro rodríguez C, Cárdenas Ledesma R, Hérnández Pérez A, García Gómez L, Pérez Padilla R. Efectos cardiovasculares del tabaquismo. Medigraphic. 2019 [acceso: 20/02/2019]; 78(1):56-62. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea_Hernandez-Perez/publication/333102219_Efectos_cardiovasculares_del_taba-quismo/links/5cdb708c458515712eac15b9/-Efectos-cardiovasculares-del-tabaquismo.pdf
8. Llibre GJ, Valhuerdi CA, Fernández CO, Llibre GJ, Gutiérrez RF, Llibre RJ. Incidencia y factores de riesgo de ictus en La Habana y Matanzas. Rev Cubana Neurología. 2015[acceso: 20/02/2019];30(8):488-495. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0213485314000917
9. Toledo HJ, Toledo GE, Quesada LL, López CD. Comportamiento de los factores de riesgo modificables después del primer evento agudo de la enfermedad cerebrovascular. Revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 20(5): [aprox. 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://scieloprueba.sld.cu/pdf/amc/v20n5/amc080516.pdf
10. Espinosa Santisteban Y, Almeida Arias DA, Gimón Báez LI, Suárez Quesada A, Escalona P. Variables tomográficas pronósticas de muerte en el ictus isquémico. Multimed. 2019 [acceso: 20/12/2019]; 23(1): [aprox. 17 p.] Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/multimed/mul-2019/mul191i.pdf
11. Zhang C, Qin YY, Chen Q. Alcohol intake and risk of stroke: a dose response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cardiol. 2014[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 174: 669-77. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820756
12. Gutiérrez L, Libuy J. Consumo de Alcohol como Factor de Riesgo para el Accidente Cerebrovascular Hemorrágico. Revista Memoriza. 2013[acceso: 20/09/2019]; 10(2): 30-38. Disponible en: https://www.memoriza.com/documentos/revista/2013/Alcohol%20-y%20ACV%20Hemorra%CC%81gico_-2013_10_30-38.pdf
13. Yew KS, Cheng EM. Diagnóstico del accidente cerebrovascular agudo. Am Fam Physician. 2015[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 91(8):[aprox. 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0415/p528.pdf
14. Xie X, Atkins E. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 387(10017): 435-43. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559744
15. Poon MT, Fonville AF, Al-Shahi Salman R. Long-term prognosis after intracerebralhaemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 85(6): 660-67.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24262916
16. Berenguer GL, Pérez RA. Factores de riesgo de los accidentes cerebrovasculares durante un bienio. MEDISAN. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 20(5):621-9. Disponible en: https://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/san/v20n5/san05205.pdf
17. Cuéllar RS. Ictus. Panorama Actual Med. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 40(398): 976-91. Disponible en: https://www.portalfarma.com/Profesionales/campanaspf/categoria-s/Documents/2017-Guia-Prevencion-Ictus.pdf
18. Castillo Sánchez M, Galera Morcillo L, Sánchez Sénchez JA, Menárguez Puche JF. Sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en el ámbito cardiovascular: factores de riesgo, no enfermedades. Atención Primaria. 2018 [acceso: 22/04/2019]; 50(2):20-9. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0212656718305092
19. Zia E, Hedblad B. Blood pressure in relation to the incidence of cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertensive hemorrhage: debated nomenclature is still relevant. Stroke. 2007[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 38(10):2681-5.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761929
20. Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775 385 individuals and 12539 strokes. Lancet. 2014[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 383(9933): 1973-80. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24613026
21. Méndez I, Baptista P, Soares F, Oliveira V, Ferro JM. Diabetes mellitus y estenosis intracraneal. Rev Neurol 1999[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 28(11): 1030-1033. Disponible en: https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/99160
22. Arsava EM, Kim GM, Oiverira FJ. Prediction of Early Recurrence after Acute Ischemic Stroke. JAMA Neurol. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 73(4): 396-401.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26926383
23. Fernández MS, García SR, Vega PA, González NN, Lara LL, Redondo RL, et al. Arritmias cardiacas en la unidad de ictus: análisis de los datos de la monitorización cardiaca. Neurología. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019];31(5):289-95. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-neurologia-295-pdf-S0213485315000651-S300
2. Díaz R, Díaz J, Fuenmayor Ojeda V, Parejo JA. Insuficiencia Cardíaca Aguda: Análisis Clínico Epidemiológico. Med Interna. 2018 [acceso: 20/02/2019]; 34 (4): 224 - 36. Disponible en: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e111/f9b9cd9db3b02d6a89795db-42ba5b1c210a2.pdf
3. Berenguer Guarnaluses LJ, Pérez Ramos A. Factores de riesgo de los accidentes cerebrovasculares durante un bienio. MEDISAN. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 20(5): [aprox. 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3684/368446344005.pdf
4. Tomás Abadal L, Varas Lorenzo C, Bernadas Bernart E, Balaguer Vintró I. Coronary risk factors and a 20year incidence of coronary heart disease and mortality in a mediterranean industrial population. Rev Eur Heart J. 1994[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 15(8): 1028-36. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7988593
5. García Hernández JA, Celestrin Marcos S. Enfermedad cerebrovascular. En: Vicente Peña E, coordinador. Medicina Interna. Diagnóstico y tratamiento. La Habana: ECIMED; 2016. p. 641-655. Disponible en: https://www.bvs.sld.cu/libros_texto/medicinainter_diag_ttmo_segun-daedicion_nuevo/cap_82.pdf
6. Young Bang OH, Ovbiagele B, Jong Kim S. Factores de riesgo no tradicionales para el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico: una actualización. Stroke.2015 [acceso: 20/02/2019]; 46(12): [aprox. 8 p.]. Disponible en: https://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/46/12/3571.full.pdf?download=true
7. Reyes Méndez C, Fierro rodríguez C, Cárdenas Ledesma R, Hérnández Pérez A, García Gómez L, Pérez Padilla R. Efectos cardiovasculares del tabaquismo. Medigraphic. 2019 [acceso: 20/02/2019]; 78(1):56-62. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea_Hernandez-Perez/publication/333102219_Efectos_cardiovasculares_del_taba-quismo/links/5cdb708c458515712eac15b9/-Efectos-cardiovasculares-del-tabaquismo.pdf
8. Llibre GJ, Valhuerdi CA, Fernández CO, Llibre GJ, Gutiérrez RF, Llibre RJ. Incidencia y factores de riesgo de ictus en La Habana y Matanzas. Rev Cubana Neurología. 2015[acceso: 20/02/2019];30(8):488-495. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/journal/1-s2.0-S0213485314000917
9. Toledo HJ, Toledo GE, Quesada LL, López CD. Comportamiento de los factores de riesgo modificables después del primer evento agudo de la enfermedad cerebrovascular. Revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 20(5): [aprox. 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://scieloprueba.sld.cu/pdf/amc/v20n5/amc080516.pdf
10. Espinosa Santisteban Y, Almeida Arias DA, Gimón Báez LI, Suárez Quesada A, Escalona P. Variables tomográficas pronósticas de muerte en el ictus isquémico. Multimed. 2019 [acceso: 20/12/2019]; 23(1): [aprox. 17 p.] Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/multimed/mul-2019/mul191i.pdf
11. Zhang C, Qin YY, Chen Q. Alcohol intake and risk of stroke: a dose response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cardiol. 2014[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 174: 669-77. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24820756
12. Gutiérrez L, Libuy J. Consumo de Alcohol como Factor de Riesgo para el Accidente Cerebrovascular Hemorrágico. Revista Memoriza. 2013[acceso: 20/09/2019]; 10(2): 30-38. Disponible en: https://www.memoriza.com/documentos/revista/2013/Alcohol%20-y%20ACV%20Hemorra%CC%81gico_-2013_10_30-38.pdf
13. Yew KS, Cheng EM. Diagnóstico del accidente cerebrovascular agudo. Am Fam Physician. 2015[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 91(8):[aprox. 9 p.]. Disponible en: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0415/p528.pdf
14. Xie X, Atkins E. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 387(10017): 435-43. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559744
15. Poon MT, Fonville AF, Al-Shahi Salman R. Long-term prognosis after intracerebralhaemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 85(6): 660-67.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24262916
16. Berenguer GL, Pérez RA. Factores de riesgo de los accidentes cerebrovasculares durante un bienio. MEDISAN. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 20(5):621-9. Disponible en: https://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/san/v20n5/san05205.pdf
17. Cuéllar RS. Ictus. Panorama Actual Med. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 40(398): 976-91. Disponible en: https://www.portalfarma.com/Profesionales/campanaspf/categoria-s/Documents/2017-Guia-Prevencion-Ictus.pdf
18. Castillo Sánchez M, Galera Morcillo L, Sánchez Sénchez JA, Menárguez Puche JF. Sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento en el ámbito cardiovascular: factores de riesgo, no enfermedades. Atención Primaria. 2018 [acceso: 22/04/2019]; 50(2):20-9. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0212656718305092
19. Zia E, Hedblad B. Blood pressure in relation to the incidence of cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertensive hemorrhage: debated nomenclature is still relevant. Stroke. 2007[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 38(10):2681-5.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761929
20. Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775 385 individuals and 12539 strokes. Lancet. 2014[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 383(9933): 1973-80. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24613026
21. Méndez I, Baptista P, Soares F, Oliveira V, Ferro JM. Diabetes mellitus y estenosis intracraneal. Rev Neurol 1999[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 28(11): 1030-1033. Disponible en: https://www.neurologia.com/articulo/99160
22. Arsava EM, Kim GM, Oiverira FJ. Prediction of Early Recurrence after Acute Ischemic Stroke. JAMA Neurol. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019]; 73(4): 396-401.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26926383
23. Fernández MS, García SR, Vega PA, González NN, Lara LL, Redondo RL, et al. Arritmias cardiacas en la unidad de ictus: análisis de los datos de la monitorización cardiaca. Neurología. 2016[acceso: 20/02/2019];31(5):289-95. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-neurologia-295-pdf-S0213485315000651-S300
Published
2020-08-02
How to Cite
1.
Piloto Cruz A, Suárez Rivero B, Belaunde Clausell A, Castro Jorge M. The cerebrovascular disease and their risk factors. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 2 [cited 2025 Apr. 4];49(3):e0200568. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/568
Issue
Section
Research Article
License
Authors who have publications with this Journal accept the following terms:
- The authors will retain their copyright and guarantee the Journal the right of first publication of their work, which will simultaneously be subject to the Creative Commons Attribution License. The content presented here can be shared, copied and redistributed in any medium or format; Can be adapted, remixed, transformed or created from the material, using the following terms: Attribution (giving appropriate credit to the work, providing a link to the license, and indicating if changes have been made); non-commercial (you cannot use the material for commercial purposes) and share-alike (if you remix, transform or create new material from this work, you can distribute your contribution as long as you use the same license as the original work).
- The authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for the distribution of the published version of the work (for example: depositing it in an institutional electronic archive or publishing it in a monographic volume) as long as the initial publication in this Journal is indicated.
- Authors are allowed and recommended to disseminate their work through the Internet (e.g., in institutional electronic archives or on their website) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase citations. of the published work.
