Assessment of aflatoxin B1 contamination in rice and maize
Keywords:
aflatoxin B1, mycotoxins, rice, maize, chromatography, high pressure liquid.Abstract
Introduction: Aflatoxins B1 are among the most common poisonous mycotoxins produced by certain fungi that harm animals and crops. Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to humans. The Maximum Residue Limits of aflatoxin B1 in processed cereals and ingredients are 2 parts per billion (ppb) and 5 ppb, respectively.Objectives: To evaluate the status of aflatoxin B 1 contamination in rice, corn and staple food produced in Ha Giang province compared with the maximum permitted levels.
Methods: A total of 210 rice and maize samples were analyzed to quantify the level of aflatoxin B1. Analysis of mycotoxins was conducted by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using a fluorescence detector.
Results: It was found that rice, rice products, maize, and maize products had a mean aflatoxin B1 content of 1.79 ppb, 2.55 ppb, 2.19 ppb, and 6.35 ppb, respectively. The results also showed that 71.9% of samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, and 14.28% of samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit.
Conclusion: The concentration of aflatoxin B1 in 14.28% of the samples are over permissible limits by nationwide regulations.
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References
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3. Diedhiou PM, Bandyopadhyay R, Atehnkeng J, Ojiambo PS. Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination of maize and sesame kernels in two agro-ecological zones in Senegal. Journal of Phytopathology. 2011; 159(4):268-75. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01761.x
4. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Gevana, Switzerland. 1993 [access: 01/04/1993]; 56:397-444. Available at: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19952006807
5. Mutocheluh M, Narkwa PW. Aflatoxin B1: An Immunomodulator and Cancer Agent. Aflatoxins - Occurrence, Detection and Novel Detoxification Strategies. IntechOpen; 2022. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.106833
6. Gong Y, Hounsa A, Egal S, Turner PC, Sutcliffe AE, Hall AJ, et al. Postweaning exposure to aflatoxin results in impaired child growth: a longitudinal study in Benin, West Africa. Environmental health perspectives. 2004; 112(3):1334-38. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6954
7. Kroker-Lobos MF, Alvarez CS, Rivera-Andrade A, Smith JW, Egner P, Torres O, et al. Association between aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels and tortilla consumption in Guatemalan adults. Toxicology reports. 2019; 6:465-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.009
8. Vila-Donat P, Marín S, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ. A review of the mycotoxin adsorbing agents, with an emphasis on their multi-binding capacity, for animal feed decontamination. Food and chemical toxicology. 2018; 114: 246-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.044
9. Palumbo R, Crisci A, Venâncio A, Cortiñas AJ, Dorne JL, Battilani P, et al. Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Feed and Food. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(1): 74. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010074
10. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Guidelines for single laboratory validation of chemical methods for dietary supplements and botanicals. 2002. DOI: 10.1063/1.4915424
11. Hassan HF, Kordahi R, Dimassi H, El Khoury A, Daou R, Alwan N, et al. Aflatoxin B1 in Rice: Effects of Storage Duration, Grain Type and Size, Production Site, and Season. Journal of Food Protection. 2022; 85(6), 938-44. DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-434
12. Alwan N, Bou Ghanem H, Dimassi H, Karam L, Hassan HF. Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 through Consumption of Rice in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22): 15000. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215000
13. Jayaratne WMSC, Abeyratne AHMAK, De Zoysa HKS, Dissanayake DMRBN, Bamunuarachchige TC, Waisundara VY, et al. Detection and quantification of Aflatoxin B1 in corn and corn-grown soils in the district of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Heliyon. 2020; 6(10): e05319. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05319
14. Ting WE, Chang CH, Szonyi B, Gizachew D. Growth and aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on ground flax seeds (Linum usitatissimum). Journal of Food Protection. 2020; 83(6):975-83. DOI: 10.4315/JFP-19-539
15. Mahato DK, Lee KE, Kamle M, Devi S, Dewangan KN, Kumar P, et al. Aflatoxins in food and feed: an overview on prevalence, detection and control strategies. Frontiers in microbiology. 2019; 10:2266. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02266
16. Xia L, Routledge MN, Rasheed H, Ismail A, Dong Y, Jiang T, et al. Biomonitoring of aflatoxin B1 and deoxynivalenol in a rural pakistan population using ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS method. Toxins. 2020; 12(9):591. DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090591
17. Sun Y, Song Y, Long M, Yang S. Immunotoxicity of Three Environmental Mycotoxins and Their Risks of Increasing Pathogen Infections. Toxins. 2023; 15(3):187. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030187
18. Do TH, Tran SC, Le CD, Nguyen HBT, Le PTT, Le HHT, et al. Dietary exposure and health risk characterization of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in food from different provinces in Northern Vietnam. Food Control. 2020; 112:107108. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107108
Published
2023-08-28
How to Cite
1.
Nguyen AT, Nguyen CV, Nguyen BV, Nguyen TT-T, Nguyen PM, Tran KV, et al. Assessment of aflatoxin B1 contamination in rice and maize. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2023 Aug. 28 [cited 2025 Jan. 9];52(3):e02307998. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/7998
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