Consideraciones actuales sobre las opciones de tratamiento para pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno
Palabras clave:
bocio, bocio nodular, terapia.Resumen
Introducción: El bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno es una de las enfermedades endocrinas más comunes y no existe consenso sobre el tratamiento ideal. Las opciones deben evaluarse individualmente, para cada paciente, teniendo en cuenta factores como la relación riesgo-beneficio, la preferencia del paciente y la experiencia del médico tratante.
Objetivo: Actualizar en el conocimiento de las opciones terapéuticas para los pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno.
Desarrollo: Las alternativas actuales para el tratamiento son: Seguimiento clínico para pacientes asintomáticos; terapia supresora con levotiroxina; terapia con yodo radiactivo sola o precedida por TSH humano recombinante y la intervención quirúrgica. Otros autores incluyen dentro de estas alternativas, técnicas mínimamente invasivas.
Conclusiones: La intervención quirúrgica es la opción fundamental para el tratamiento del paciente sintomático. Los procedimientos mínimamente invasivos, muestran buenos resultados en la mejora de la calidad de vida y el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes. Se requieren más estudios de seguimiento de estos pacientes, a largo plazo.
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1. Taner Unlu M, Kostek M, Aygun N, Isgor A, Uludag M.Non-Toxic Multinodular Goiter: From Etiopathogenesis to Treatment. Med Bull Sisli Etfal Hosp. 2022; 56(1):21-40. DOI: 10.14744/SEMB.2022.56514
2. Grani G, Sponziello M, Pecce V, Ramundo V, Durante C. Contemporary Thyroid Nodule Evaluation and Management. J ClinEndocrinolMetab, September. 2020; 105(9):2869-2883. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa322
3. Orellano P, Dos Santos G, Kapitan M, Botto G, Silva J, Seoane E, et al. Resultados a corto plazo del tratamiento con 131 I en el bocio multinodular: valor adicional de la estimulación previa con rhTSH. Rev Chil Endo Diab. 2020 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 13(3):110-17. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/fr/biblio-1117582
4. Mariani G, Tonacchera M, Grosso M, Fiore E, Falcetta P, Montanelli L, et al. The role of nuclear medicine in the clinical management of benign thyroid disorders, part 2: nodular goiter, hypothyroidism, and subacute thyroiditis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2021; 62(7):886-95. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.251504
5. Hegedüs L, Frasoldati A, Negro R, Papini E. European Thyroid Association Survey on Use of Minimally Invasive Techniques for Thyroid Nodules. Eur Thyroid J. 2020; 9:194-204. DOI: 10.1159/000506513
6. BajukStuden K, Gaberscek S, Pirnat E, Zaletel K. Five-year follow-up and clinical outcome in euthyroid patients with thyroid nodules. Radiol Oncol 2021; 55(3):317-22. DOI: 10.2478/raon-2021-0025
7. Tumino D, Grani G, Di Stefano M, Di Mauro M, Scutari M, Rago T, et al. Nodular Thyroid Disease in the Era of Precision Medicine. Front. Endocrinol. 2020; 10:907. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00907
8. Tjokorda G, de Dalem P. Current diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2017 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 48(3):247-57. Disponible en: https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/204
9. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, Grubbs EG, Miller BS, Shen W, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults. Annals of Surgery. 2020 [acceso: 08/04/2022]; 271(3):e21-e93. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/FullText/2020/03000/The_American_Ass-ociation_of_Endocrine_Surgeons.28.aspx
10. Béron A, Wémeau JL. Iodine 131 in the treatment of large goiters. Médecine Nucléaire. 2020 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 44(4):277-83. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928125820302059
11. Tamayo Alonso P, García Talavera P, Martín Gómez E, Cañadas Salazar J, Díaz González L. Tratamiento con radioyodo de la patología tiroidea. Rev. ORL. 2020; 11(3):305-27. DOI: 10.14201/orl.21523
12. Mojsak MN, Abdelrazek S, Szumowski P, Rogowski F, Sykala M, Kostecki J, et al. Single, very low dose (0.03 mg) of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) effectively increases radioiodine uptake in the I-131 treatment of large nontoxic multinodular goiter. Nuclear Medicine Review. 2016; 19(1):3-11. DOI: 10.5603/NMR.2016.0002
13. Nygaard B, Knudsen JH, Hegedüs L, Scient AV, Hansen JE. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies and Graves' disease, a side-effect of 131I treatment in patients with nontoxic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82(9):2926-30. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4227
14. Antonio KL, Mercado-Asis LB. Long term follow-up of patients with nontoxic benign nodular goiter treated with 131iodine therapy. Series Endo Diab Met. 2021 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 3(1):20-6. Disponible en: https://seriesscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/131Iodine-Therapy.pdf
15. Szumowski P, Abdelrazek S, Sykala M, Mojsak M, Zukowski L, Siewko K, et al. Enhancing the efficacy of 131 I therapy in non-toxic multinodular goitre with appropriate use of methimazole: an analysis of randomized controlled study. Endocrine. 2020; 67:136-42. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02100-x
16. Akdeniz DD, Avci G. Total or less than total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter long term follow-up. Medical Science and Discovery. 2021; 8(3):181-6. DOI: 10.36472/msd.v8i3.515
17. Barczynski M, Konturek A, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Golkowski F, Nowak W. Ten-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Total Thyroidectomy Versus Dunhill Operation Versus Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Multinodular Non-toxic Goiter. World J Surg. 2018; 42:384-92. DOI 10.1007/s00268-017-4230-1
18. Kumar GS, Rao DN. Comparative Study of Total Thyroidectomy and Subtotal Thyroidectomy Regarding the Surgical Management of Multinodular Goiter. IJSS Journal of Surgery. 2018; 4(5):1-5. DOI: 10.17354/SUR/2018/162
19. Chohan MZ, Sajid Y, Naeem M, Nizami KM. Comparison of Total and Subtotal Thyroidectomy in Multinodular Goiter. Age. 2019 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 13(3):36-50. Disponible en: https://www.pjmhsonline.com/2019/july_sep/pdf/576.pdf
20. Musbah N, Saad HIF, Mohamed SS. Safety and Effectiveness of Total Thyroidectomy for Benign Multinodular Goitre. Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences. 2019; 34(4):243-7. DOI: 10.54172/mjsc.v34i4.171
21. Siddappa AK, Kadli SU, Kailas CT, Chandrasekhar RL. A study on management of multinodular goiter at a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Surgery. 2019; 3(3):186-9. DOI: 10.33545/surgery.2019.v3.i3d.166
22. He L, Zhao W, Xia Z, Su A, Li Z, Zhu J. Comparative efficacy of different Ultrasound guided ablation for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(1):e0243864. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243864
23. Papini E, Monpeyssen H, Frasoldati A, Hegedüs L. 2020 European Thyroid Association Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Image-Guided Ablation in Benign Thyroid Nodules. Eur Thyroid J. 2020; 9:172-85. DOI: 10.1159/000508484
24. Livraghi T, Paracchi A, Ferrari C, Bergonzi M, Garavaglia G, Raineri P, et al. Treatment of autonomous thyroid nodules with percutaneous ethanol injection: preliminary results. Work in progress. Radiology. 1990; 175(3):827-29. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.175.3.2188302
25. Felício JS, Conceição AMS, Santos FM, Sato MMM, Bastos FDA, Braga de Souza ACC, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection protocol to treat solid and mixed thyroid nodules. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016; 7:52. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00052
26. Baldwin CK, Natter MB, Patel KN, Hodak SP. Minimally Invasive Techniques for the Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2022; 51(2):323-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.01.001
27. Alcântara-Jones DMD, Borges LMB, Nunes TFA, Pita GB, Rocha VB, Lavinas JM, et al. Percutaneous injection of ethanol for thyroid nodule treatment: a comparative study. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 65:322-7. DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000363
28. Miracle-López S, Rodríguez-Ayala E, Sánchez Alanís CA. Tratamiento con inyección percutánea con etanol (PEIT) de nódulos tiroideos sólidos benignos. Eficacia y experiencia en México. Rev Mex Endocrinol Metab Nutr. 2020; 7:113-21. DOI: 10.24875/RME.20000015
29. Negro R, Greco G. Percutaneous ethanol injection in combination with laser ablation for a 100 ml partially cystic thyroid nodule. Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2018; 2018:[aprox. 10 pant.]. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8046378
30. Park HS, Baek JH, Choi YJ, Lee JH. Innovative techniques for image-guided ablation of benign thyroid nodules: combined ethanol and radiofrequency ablation. Korean Journal of Radiology. 2017; 18(3):461-9. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2017.18.3.461
31. Chen Su, Yu-Jiang Liu, Lin-Xue Qian. Modified percutaneous ethanol injection method combined with microwave ablation for the treatment of symptomatic, predominantly cystic, benign thyroid nodules: a retrospective study of 201 cases. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2021; 38(1):995-1001. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1924407
32. Yaqiong Zhu, Mingbo Zhang, Zhuang Jin, Xiaoqi Tian, Ying Zhang, Fang Xie, et al. Solid benign thyroid nodules (>10 ml): a retrospective study on the efficacy and safety of sonographically guided ethanol ablation combined with radiofrequency ablation. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2020; 37(1):157-67. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1717647
33. Trimboli P, Castellana M, Sconfienza LM, Virili C, Pescatori LC, Cesareo R, et al. Efficacy of thermal ablation in benign non-functioning solid thyroid nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2020; 67:35-43. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02019-3
34. Papini E, Pacella CM, Solbiati LA, Achille G, Barbaro D, Bernardi S, et al. Minimally-invasive treatments for benign thyroid nodules: a Delphi-based consensus statement from the Italian minimally-invasive treatments of the thyroid (MITT) group. Int J Hyperthermia. 2019; 36(1):376-82. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1575482
35. Pacella CM, Mauri G, Achille G, Barbaro D, Bizzarri G, De Feo P. et al. Outcomes and Risk Factors for Complications of Laser Ablation for Thyroid Nodules: A Multicenter Study on 1531 Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 100(10):3903-10. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1964
36. Orloff LA, Noel JE, Stack Jr BC, Russell MD, Angelos P, Baek JH, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and related ultrasound-guided ablation technologies for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease: An international multidisciplinary consensus statement of the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section with the Asia Pacific Society of Thyroid Surgery, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons, European Thyroid Association, Italian Society of Endocrine Surgery Units, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology, Latin. Head & neck. 2022; 44(3):633-60. DOI: 10.1002/hed.26960
37. Oddo S, Felix E, Mussap M, Giusti M. Quality of Life in Patients Treated with Percutaneous Laser Ablation for Non-Functioning Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Single-Center Study. Korean J Radiol. 2018; 19(1):175-84. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.1.175
38. Wei-Che Lin, Na-Ning Kan, Hsiu-Ling Chen, Sheng-Dean Luo, Yu-Cheng Tung, Wei-Chih Chen, et al. Efficacy and safety of single-session radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules of different sizes: a retrospective study. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2020; 37(1):1082-89. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1782485
39. Kim JH, Baek JH, Lim HK, Ahn HS, Baek SM, Choi YJ, et al. 2017 Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation Guideline: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology. Korean J Radiol. 2018; 19(4):632-55. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.4.632
40. Jeong SY, Ha EJ, Baek JW, Kim TY, Lee YM, Lee JH, et al. Assessment of thyroid-specific quality of life in patients with benign symptomatic thyroid nodules treated with radiofrequency or ethanol ablation: a prospective multicenter study. Ultrasonography. 2022; 41(1):204-21. DOI: 10.14366/usg.21003
41. Javadov M, Karatay E, Ugurlu MU. Clinical and functional results of radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation in patients with benign thyroid nodules. Saudi Med J 2021; 42(8):838-46. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.8.20210307
42. Xin Zhi, Ning Zhao, Yujiang Liu, Ji-Bin Liu, Changsheng T, Linxue Q. Microwave ablation compared to thyroidectomy to treat benign thyroid nodules, International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2018; 34(5):644-52. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1456677
43. Shi YF, Zhou P, Zhao YF, Liu WG, Tian SM, Liang YP. Microwave ablation compared with laser ablation for treating benign thyroid nodules in a propensity-score matching study. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019; 10:874. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00874
2. Grani G, Sponziello M, Pecce V, Ramundo V, Durante C. Contemporary Thyroid Nodule Evaluation and Management. J ClinEndocrinolMetab, September. 2020; 105(9):2869-2883. DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgaa322
3. Orellano P, Dos Santos G, Kapitan M, Botto G, Silva J, Seoane E, et al. Resultados a corto plazo del tratamiento con 131 I en el bocio multinodular: valor adicional de la estimulación previa con rhTSH. Rev Chil Endo Diab. 2020 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 13(3):110-17. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/fr/biblio-1117582
4. Mariani G, Tonacchera M, Grosso M, Fiore E, Falcetta P, Montanelli L, et al. The role of nuclear medicine in the clinical management of benign thyroid disorders, part 2: nodular goiter, hypothyroidism, and subacute thyroiditis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2021; 62(7):886-95. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.251504
5. Hegedüs L, Frasoldati A, Negro R, Papini E. European Thyroid Association Survey on Use of Minimally Invasive Techniques for Thyroid Nodules. Eur Thyroid J. 2020; 9:194-204. DOI: 10.1159/000506513
6. BajukStuden K, Gaberscek S, Pirnat E, Zaletel K. Five-year follow-up and clinical outcome in euthyroid patients with thyroid nodules. Radiol Oncol 2021; 55(3):317-22. DOI: 10.2478/raon-2021-0025
7. Tumino D, Grani G, Di Stefano M, Di Mauro M, Scutari M, Rago T, et al. Nodular Thyroid Disease in the Era of Precision Medicine. Front. Endocrinol. 2020; 10:907. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00907
8. Tjokorda G, de Dalem P. Current diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2017 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 48(3):247-57. Disponible en: https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/204
9. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, Grubbs EG, Miller BS, Shen W, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults. Annals of Surgery. 2020 [acceso: 08/04/2022]; 271(3):e21-e93. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/FullText/2020/03000/The_American_Ass-ociation_of_Endocrine_Surgeons.28.aspx
10. Béron A, Wémeau JL. Iodine 131 in the treatment of large goiters. Médecine Nucléaire. 2020 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 44(4):277-83. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928125820302059
11. Tamayo Alonso P, García Talavera P, Martín Gómez E, Cañadas Salazar J, Díaz González L. Tratamiento con radioyodo de la patología tiroidea. Rev. ORL. 2020; 11(3):305-27. DOI: 10.14201/orl.21523
12. Mojsak MN, Abdelrazek S, Szumowski P, Rogowski F, Sykala M, Kostecki J, et al. Single, very low dose (0.03 mg) of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) effectively increases radioiodine uptake in the I-131 treatment of large nontoxic multinodular goiter. Nuclear Medicine Review. 2016; 19(1):3-11. DOI: 10.5603/NMR.2016.0002
13. Nygaard B, Knudsen JH, Hegedüs L, Scient AV, Hansen JE. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies and Graves' disease, a side-effect of 131I treatment in patients with nontoxic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82(9):2926-30. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.9.4227
14. Antonio KL, Mercado-Asis LB. Long term follow-up of patients with nontoxic benign nodular goiter treated with 131iodine therapy. Series Endo Diab Met. 2021 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 3(1):20-6. Disponible en: https://seriesscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/131Iodine-Therapy.pdf
15. Szumowski P, Abdelrazek S, Sykala M, Mojsak M, Zukowski L, Siewko K, et al. Enhancing the efficacy of 131 I therapy in non-toxic multinodular goitre with appropriate use of methimazole: an analysis of randomized controlled study. Endocrine. 2020; 67:136-42. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02100-x
16. Akdeniz DD, Avci G. Total or less than total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter long term follow-up. Medical Science and Discovery. 2021; 8(3):181-6. DOI: 10.36472/msd.v8i3.515
17. Barczynski M, Konturek A, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Golkowski F, Nowak W. Ten-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial of Total Thyroidectomy Versus Dunhill Operation Versus Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Multinodular Non-toxic Goiter. World J Surg. 2018; 42:384-92. DOI 10.1007/s00268-017-4230-1
18. Kumar GS, Rao DN. Comparative Study of Total Thyroidectomy and Subtotal Thyroidectomy Regarding the Surgical Management of Multinodular Goiter. IJSS Journal of Surgery. 2018; 4(5):1-5. DOI: 10.17354/SUR/2018/162
19. Chohan MZ, Sajid Y, Naeem M, Nizami KM. Comparison of Total and Subtotal Thyroidectomy in Multinodular Goiter. Age. 2019 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 13(3):36-50. Disponible en: https://www.pjmhsonline.com/2019/july_sep/pdf/576.pdf
20. Musbah N, Saad HIF, Mohamed SS. Safety and Effectiveness of Total Thyroidectomy for Benign Multinodular Goitre. Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences. 2019; 34(4):243-7. DOI: 10.54172/mjsc.v34i4.171
21. Siddappa AK, Kadli SU, Kailas CT, Chandrasekhar RL. A study on management of multinodular goiter at a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Surgery. 2019; 3(3):186-9. DOI: 10.33545/surgery.2019.v3.i3d.166
22. He L, Zhao W, Xia Z, Su A, Li Z, Zhu J. Comparative efficacy of different Ultrasound guided ablation for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(1):e0243864. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243864
23. Papini E, Monpeyssen H, Frasoldati A, Hegedüs L. 2020 European Thyroid Association Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Image-Guided Ablation in Benign Thyroid Nodules. Eur Thyroid J. 2020; 9:172-85. DOI: 10.1159/000508484
24. Livraghi T, Paracchi A, Ferrari C, Bergonzi M, Garavaglia G, Raineri P, et al. Treatment of autonomous thyroid nodules with percutaneous ethanol injection: preliminary results. Work in progress. Radiology. 1990; 175(3):827-29. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.175.3.2188302
25. Felício JS, Conceição AMS, Santos FM, Sato MMM, Bastos FDA, Braga de Souza ACC, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection protocol to treat solid and mixed thyroid nodules. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2016; 7:52. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00052
26. Baldwin CK, Natter MB, Patel KN, Hodak SP. Minimally Invasive Techniques for the Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 2022; 51(2):323-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.01.001
27. Alcântara-Jones DMD, Borges LMB, Nunes TFA, Pita GB, Rocha VB, Lavinas JM, et al. Percutaneous injection of ethanol for thyroid nodule treatment: a comparative study. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021 [acceso: 25/07/2022]; 65:322-7. DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000363
28. Miracle-López S, Rodríguez-Ayala E, Sánchez Alanís CA. Tratamiento con inyección percutánea con etanol (PEIT) de nódulos tiroideos sólidos benignos. Eficacia y experiencia en México. Rev Mex Endocrinol Metab Nutr. 2020; 7:113-21. DOI: 10.24875/RME.20000015
29. Negro R, Greco G. Percutaneous ethanol injection in combination with laser ablation for a 100 ml partially cystic thyroid nodule. Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2018; 2018:[aprox. 10 pant.]. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8046378
30. Park HS, Baek JH, Choi YJ, Lee JH. Innovative techniques for image-guided ablation of benign thyroid nodules: combined ethanol and radiofrequency ablation. Korean Journal of Radiology. 2017; 18(3):461-9. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2017.18.3.461
31. Chen Su, Yu-Jiang Liu, Lin-Xue Qian. Modified percutaneous ethanol injection method combined with microwave ablation for the treatment of symptomatic, predominantly cystic, benign thyroid nodules: a retrospective study of 201 cases. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2021; 38(1):995-1001. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1924407
32. Yaqiong Zhu, Mingbo Zhang, Zhuang Jin, Xiaoqi Tian, Ying Zhang, Fang Xie, et al. Solid benign thyroid nodules (>10 ml): a retrospective study on the efficacy and safety of sonographically guided ethanol ablation combined with radiofrequency ablation. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2020; 37(1):157-67. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1717647
33. Trimboli P, Castellana M, Sconfienza LM, Virili C, Pescatori LC, Cesareo R, et al. Efficacy of thermal ablation in benign non-functioning solid thyroid nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2020; 67:35-43. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02019-3
34. Papini E, Pacella CM, Solbiati LA, Achille G, Barbaro D, Bernardi S, et al. Minimally-invasive treatments for benign thyroid nodules: a Delphi-based consensus statement from the Italian minimally-invasive treatments of the thyroid (MITT) group. Int J Hyperthermia. 2019; 36(1):376-82. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1575482
35. Pacella CM, Mauri G, Achille G, Barbaro D, Bizzarri G, De Feo P. et al. Outcomes and Risk Factors for Complications of Laser Ablation for Thyroid Nodules: A Multicenter Study on 1531 Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 100(10):3903-10. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1964
36. Orloff LA, Noel JE, Stack Jr BC, Russell MD, Angelos P, Baek JH, et al. Radiofrequency ablation and related ultrasound-guided ablation technologies for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease: An international multidisciplinary consensus statement of the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section with the Asia Pacific Society of Thyroid Surgery, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, British Association of Endocrine and Thyroid Surgeons, European Thyroid Association, Italian Society of Endocrine Surgery Units, Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology, Latin. Head & neck. 2022; 44(3):633-60. DOI: 10.1002/hed.26960
37. Oddo S, Felix E, Mussap M, Giusti M. Quality of Life in Patients Treated with Percutaneous Laser Ablation for Non-Functioning Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Single-Center Study. Korean J Radiol. 2018; 19(1):175-84. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.1.175
38. Wei-Che Lin, Na-Ning Kan, Hsiu-Ling Chen, Sheng-Dean Luo, Yu-Cheng Tung, Wei-Chih Chen, et al. Efficacy and safety of single-session radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules of different sizes: a retrospective study. International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2020; 37(1):1082-89. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1782485
39. Kim JH, Baek JH, Lim HK, Ahn HS, Baek SM, Choi YJ, et al. 2017 Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation Guideline: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology. Korean J Radiol. 2018; 19(4):632-55. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.4.632
40. Jeong SY, Ha EJ, Baek JW, Kim TY, Lee YM, Lee JH, et al. Assessment of thyroid-specific quality of life in patients with benign symptomatic thyroid nodules treated with radiofrequency or ethanol ablation: a prospective multicenter study. Ultrasonography. 2022; 41(1):204-21. DOI: 10.14366/usg.21003
41. Javadov M, Karatay E, Ugurlu MU. Clinical and functional results of radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation in patients with benign thyroid nodules. Saudi Med J 2021; 42(8):838-46. DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.8.20210307
42. Xin Zhi, Ning Zhao, Yujiang Liu, Ji-Bin Liu, Changsheng T, Linxue Q. Microwave ablation compared to thyroidectomy to treat benign thyroid nodules, International Journal of Hyperthermia. 2018; 34(5):644-52. DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1456677
43. Shi YF, Zhou P, Zhao YF, Liu WG, Tian SM, Liang YP. Microwave ablation compared with laser ablation for treating benign thyroid nodules in a propensity-score matching study. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2019; 10:874. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00874
Publicado
24.07.2023
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1.
Lorda Galiano L, Navas Igarza JO, Hidalgo Herrera M, Rodríguez Fernández Y. Consideraciones actuales sobre las opciones de tratamiento para pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 24 de julio de 2023 [citado 24 de mayo de 2025];52(3):e02302751. Disponible en: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/2751
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