Self-reported periodontal disease, dental loss and COVID-19 in older adults
Keywords:
periodontal disease, self-report, COVID-19, patient acuity, aged.Abstract
Introduction: Upon completion of this research, there was no evidence of studies addressing self-reported periodontal disease in Cuba, nor any antecedent of research relating it to COVID-19 in adults over 60.Objective: To determine the relationship between self-reported periodontal disease, dental loss, and COVID-19 activity.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional investigation was carried out. The sample included 238 individuals aged over 60 who were infected with COVID-19, and survived. They gave their consent. The study was performed for over 1 year in Playa municipality of Havana, Cuba. Variables such as gender, age, COVID-19 evolutionary severity, comorbidities, and self-reported periodontal disease were used. A validated 4-question survey was applied to identify the periodontal disease and all data were processed in a database. Some variables were dichotomized to perform the odds ratio and Pearson's Chi-squared test, and determine the relationship between possible risk factors and the evolutionary severity of COVID-19.
Results: As a result, the odds ratio values and confidence intervals for periodontal disease and advanced periodontal disease were 1.598 (0.261; 9.78) and 1.814 (0.296; 11.105) respectively, and the p-values were 0.609 and 0.514 respectively.
Conclusion: A relationship between periodontal disease and the evolutionary severity of COVID-19 cannot be established. However, a relationship was observed targeting dental loss and respiratory diseases as determinant risk factors in the severity of COVID-19.
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References
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5. Vargas KF, Ferradas MC, Amaral MM, Reyes JC, Palacios MA. Enfermedad periodontal y enfermedades respiratorias: una revisión de ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales. Rev Mex Periodontol. 2014 [acceso: 18/12/2021]; V(1): 36-40. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco-Alarcon-2/publication/271328776_Enfermedad_periodontal_y_enfermedades_-respiratorias_una_revision_de_ensayos_clinicos_y_estudios_observaciona-les_REVISION_BIBLIOGRAFICA/links/54c5c01d0cf2911c7a563405/Enfermedad-periodontal-y-enfermedades-respiratorias-una-revision-de-ensayos-clinicos-y-estudios-observacionales-REVISION-BIBLIOGRAFICA.pdf
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7. Roganović JR. microRNA-146a and -155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS-CoV-2 oral receptor genes. Journal of Periodontology. 2021; 92(7):35-43. DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0623
8. Liccardo D, Cannavo A, Spagnuolo G, Ferrara N, Cittadini A, Rengo C, et al. Periodontal Disease: A Risk Factor for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019; 20(6):1414. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061414
9. Chatzopoulos GS, Cisneros A, Sanchez M, Wolff LF. Association between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Inflammatory Conditions Using Electronic Health Records: A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(4):386. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040386
10. Pitones-Rubio V, Chavez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, Gonzalez-Rascon A, Serafin-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Medical Hypotheses. 2020 [acceso 4/7/2020]; 144(2020): [Aprox. 7 pp.] Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303044/pdf/main.pdf
11. Lim G, Janu U, Chiou LL, Gandhi KK, Palomo L, John V. Periodontal Health and Systemic Conditions. Dentistry journal. 2020; 8(4): [aprox. 10 pant.]. DOI: 10.3390/dj8040130
12. Ahmad P, Arshad AI, Della Bella E, Khurshid Z, Stoddart M. Systemic Manifestations of the Periodontal Disease: A Bibliometric Review. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4508. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194508
13. Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2021; 21(7):426-40. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00488-6
14. Lauritano D, Moreo G, Della Vella F, Di Stasio D, Carinci F, Lucchese A, et al. Oral Health Status and Need for Oral Care in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019; 16(22):4558. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224558
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16. Al-Rafee M. The epidemiology of edentulism and the associated factors: A literature Review. 2020; 9(4):1841-3. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1181_19
17. Abbood HM, Hinz J, Cherukara G, Macfarlane TV. Validity of Self-Reported Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of periodontology. 2016; 87(12):1474-83. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160196
18. Sukumar K, Tadepalli A. Nexus between COVID-19 and periodontal disease. The Journal of international medical research. 2021; 49(3):3000605211002695. DOI: 10.1177/03000605211002695
19. Huertos-Ochoa CC, Raffo-Peña MP, Sihuay-Torres K. La enfermedad periodontal podría ser una comorbilidad para la COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2021[acceso: 18/12/2021]; 40(1):6. Disponible en: http://www.revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/1177
20. Gupta S, Sahni V. The intriguing commonality of NETosis between COVID-19 & Periodontal disease. Medical Hypotheses. 2020 [acceso: 4/07/2020]; 144: [Aprox. 1 pp.] Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7276117/pdf/main.pdf
21. Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Targeting MMP-Regulation of Inflammation to Increase Metabolic Tolerance to COVID-19 Pathologies: A Hypothesis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(3):390. DOI: 10.3390/biom11030390
22. Takahashi Y, Watanabe N, Kamio N, Kobayashi R, Iinuma T, Imai K. Aspiration of periodontopathic bacteria due to poor oral hygiene potentially contributes to the aggravation of COVID-19. Journal of Oral Science. 2020; 63(1):1-3. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.20-0388
23. Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, Amador G, Soueidan A. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Medical hypotheses. 2020; 143(2020):109907. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109907
24. Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldan S, Sanz M. Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clinical Oral Investigations. 2020; 2020(24): 2925-30. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03413-2
25. Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Medical Hypotheses. 2020; 144(2020):[Aprox. 1 pp.] DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109908
26. Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Broadbent JM. Validity of self-reported periodontal questions in a New Zealand cohort. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2016; 20(3):563-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1526-0
27. Chaple Gil A, Baganet Cobas Y. Dataset- Self-reported periodontal disease, dental presence and COVID-19, in older adults of the Playa municipality. [Dataset] Zenodo; 2021. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5791381
28. Casanova-Rosado AJ, Casanova-Rosado JF, Minaya-Sánchez M, Robles-Minaya JL, Casanova-Sarmiento JA, Márquez-Corona MdL, et al. Association of Edentulism with Various Chronic Diseases in Mexican Elders 60+ Years: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Healthcare. 2021; 9(4):404. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040404
29. Dwibedi N, Wiener RC, Findley PA, Shen C, Sambamoorthi U. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tooth loss, and edentulism among adults in the United States: 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939). 2020; 151(10): 735-44.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.07.032
30. Manabe K, Tanji F, Tomata Y, Zhang S, Tsuji I. Preventive Effect of Oral Self-Care on Pneumonia Death among the Elderly with Tooth Loss: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2019; 247(4):251-7. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.247.251
31. Medeiros TCC, Areas ESA, Prates RC, Chapple I, Steffens JP. Association between tooth loss, chronic conditions and common risk factors - results from the 2019 brazilian health survey. J Periodontol. 2021. Online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0433
32. Pardo Romero FF, Hernández LJ. Enfermedad periodontal: enfoques epidemiológicos para su análisis como problema de salud pública. Revista de Salud Pública. 2018; 20(2): 258-64. DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n2.64654
33. Nieman DC. Coronavirus disease-2019: A tocsin to our aging, unfit, corpulent, and immunodeficient society. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020; 9(4):293-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.001
34. Ng WH, Tipih T, Makoah NA, Vermeulen JG, Goedhals D, Sempa JB, et al. Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. mBio. 2021; 12(1):e03647-20. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03647-20
35. Kaeuffer C, Le Hyaric C, Fabacher T, Mootien J, Dervieux B, Ruch Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with severe COVID-19: prospective analysis of 1,045 hospitalised cases in North-Eastern France, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020; 25(48): 2000895. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.48.2000895
36. Leong R, Lee TJ, Chen Z, Zhang C, Xu J. Global Temporal Patterns of Age Group and Sex Distributions of COVID-19. Infectious disease reports. 2021; 13(2):582-96. DOI: 10.3390/idr13020054
37. Bajgain KT, Badal S, Bajgain BB, Santana MJ. Prevalence of comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19: A rapid review of current literature. American Journal of Infection Control. 2021; 49(2):238-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.213
38. Signes-Costa J, Núñez-Gil IJ, Soriano JB, Arroyo-Espliguero R, Eid CM, Romero R, et al. Prevalence and 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 and prior lung diseases. Archivos de Bronconeumologia. 2021; 57(Suppl 2):13-20. DOI: j.arbres.2020.11.012
39. Larvin H, Wilmott S, Wu J, Kang J. The Impact of Periodontal Disease on Hospital Admission and Mortality During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in medicine. 2020; 7: 604980. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.604980
40. Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, Daas H, Diab H, Chinta VR, et al. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case-control study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2021; 48(4):483-91. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13435
41. Holt NR, Neumann JT, McNeil JJ, Cheng AC. Implications of COVID-19 for an ageing population. The Medical journal of Australia. 2020; 213(8): 342-4.e1. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50785
42. Becerra-Muñoz VM, Núñez-Gil IJ, Eid CM, García Aguado M, Romero R, Huang J, et al. Clinical profile and predictors of in-hospital mortality among older patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Age and Ageing. 2021; 50(2): 326-34. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa258
43. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
44. Maldonado Cantillo G. Comportamiento epidemiológico de la Hipertensión arterial en un Policlínico cubano. Horizonte Sanitario. 2020; 19(1):69-77. DOI: 10.19136/hs.a19n1.2899
45. Soeroto AY, Soetedjo NN, Purwiga A, Santoso P, Kulsum ID, Suryadinata H, et al. Effect of increased BMI and obesity on the outcome of COVID-19 adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. 2020; 14(6):1897-904. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.029
2. Piattelli A. Enfermedades periodontales y enfermedades sistémicas. Solemne acto de investidura como Doctor Honoris Causa 2016. [acceso: 31/03/2022]. Disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10952/1975
3. Villa Ocampo P. Enfoque salubrista de la enfermedad periodontal. Rev Iberoam CIencias. 2015 [acceso: 31/03/2022]; 2(4): [aprox. 11 pant.]. Disponible en: http://www.reibci.org/publicados/2015/julio/0800108.pdf
4. Baldomero AK, Siddiqui M, Lo CY, Petersen A, Pragman AA, Connett JE, et al. The relationship between oral health and COPD exacerbations. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2019; 14:881-92. DOI: 10.2147/copd.S194991
5. Vargas KF, Ferradas MC, Amaral MM, Reyes JC, Palacios MA. Enfermedad periodontal y enfermedades respiratorias: una revisión de ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales. Rev Mex Periodontol. 2014 [acceso: 18/12/2021]; V(1): 36-40. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco-Alarcon-2/publication/271328776_Enfermedad_periodontal_y_enfermedades_-respiratorias_una_revision_de_ensayos_clinicos_y_estudios_observaciona-les_REVISION_BIBLIOGRAFICA/links/54c5c01d0cf2911c7a563405/Enfermedad-periodontal-y-enfermedades-respiratorias-una-revision-de-ensayos-clinicos-y-estudios-observacionales-REVISION-BIBLIOGRAFICA.pdf
6. Halpern B, Louzada M, Aschner P, Gerchman F, Brajkovich I, Faria-Neto JR, et al. Obesity and COVID-19 in Latin America: A tragedy of two pandemics-Official document of the Latin American Federation of Obesity Societies. Obes Rev. 2021; 22(3):e13165. DOI: 10.1111/obr.13165
7. Roganović JR. microRNA-146a and -155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS-CoV-2 oral receptor genes. Journal of Periodontology. 2021; 92(7):35-43. DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0623
8. Liccardo D, Cannavo A, Spagnuolo G, Ferrara N, Cittadini A, Rengo C, et al. Periodontal Disease: A Risk Factor for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019; 20(6):1414. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061414
9. Chatzopoulos GS, Cisneros A, Sanchez M, Wolff LF. Association between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Inflammatory Conditions Using Electronic Health Records: A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(4):386. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040386
10. Pitones-Rubio V, Chavez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, Gonzalez-Rascon A, Serafin-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Medical Hypotheses. 2020 [acceso 4/7/2020]; 144(2020): [Aprox. 7 pp.] Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303044/pdf/main.pdf
11. Lim G, Janu U, Chiou LL, Gandhi KK, Palomo L, John V. Periodontal Health and Systemic Conditions. Dentistry journal. 2020; 8(4): [aprox. 10 pant.]. DOI: 10.3390/dj8040130
12. Ahmad P, Arshad AI, Della Bella E, Khurshid Z, Stoddart M. Systemic Manifestations of the Periodontal Disease: A Bibliometric Review. Molecules. 2020; 25(19):4508. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194508
13. Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2021; 21(7):426-40. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00488-6
14. Lauritano D, Moreo G, Della Vella F, Di Stasio D, Carinci F, Lucchese A, et al. Oral Health Status and Need for Oral Care in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019; 16(22):4558. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224558
15. López-Hernández D, Orozco-Campos N, Sam I, Blanco-Cornejo M. Necesidad de políticas de salud pública en población adulta mayor: indicadores de envejecimiento en un Instituto de Seguridad Social en México. Gaceta Médica de México. 2019; 155(Suppl 1):S10-s5. DOI: 10.24875/gmm.19005140
16. Al-Rafee M. The epidemiology of edentulism and the associated factors: A literature Review. 2020; 9(4):1841-3. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1181_19
17. Abbood HM, Hinz J, Cherukara G, Macfarlane TV. Validity of Self-Reported Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of periodontology. 2016; 87(12):1474-83. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160196
18. Sukumar K, Tadepalli A. Nexus between COVID-19 and periodontal disease. The Journal of international medical research. 2021; 49(3):3000605211002695. DOI: 10.1177/03000605211002695
19. Huertos-Ochoa CC, Raffo-Peña MP, Sihuay-Torres K. La enfermedad periodontal podría ser una comorbilidad para la COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2021[acceso: 18/12/2021]; 40(1):6. Disponible en: http://www.revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/1177
20. Gupta S, Sahni V. The intriguing commonality of NETosis between COVID-19 & Periodontal disease. Medical Hypotheses. 2020 [acceso: 4/07/2020]; 144: [Aprox. 1 pp.] Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7276117/pdf/main.pdf
21. Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Targeting MMP-Regulation of Inflammation to Increase Metabolic Tolerance to COVID-19 Pathologies: A Hypothesis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(3):390. DOI: 10.3390/biom11030390
22. Takahashi Y, Watanabe N, Kamio N, Kobayashi R, Iinuma T, Imai K. Aspiration of periodontopathic bacteria due to poor oral hygiene potentially contributes to the aggravation of COVID-19. Journal of Oral Science. 2020; 63(1):1-3. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.20-0388
23. Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, Amador G, Soueidan A. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Medical hypotheses. 2020; 143(2020):109907. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109907
24. Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldan S, Sanz M. Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clinical Oral Investigations. 2020; 2020(24): 2925-30. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03413-2
25. Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Medical Hypotheses. 2020; 144(2020):[Aprox. 1 pp.] DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109908
26. Foster Page LA, Thomson WM, Broadbent JM. Validity of self-reported periodontal questions in a New Zealand cohort. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2016; 20(3):563-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1526-0
27. Chaple Gil A, Baganet Cobas Y. Dataset- Self-reported periodontal disease, dental presence and COVID-19, in older adults of the Playa municipality. [Dataset] Zenodo; 2021. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5791381
28. Casanova-Rosado AJ, Casanova-Rosado JF, Minaya-Sánchez M, Robles-Minaya JL, Casanova-Sarmiento JA, Márquez-Corona MdL, et al. Association of Edentulism with Various Chronic Diseases in Mexican Elders 60+ Years: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Healthcare. 2021; 9(4):404. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040404
29. Dwibedi N, Wiener RC, Findley PA, Shen C, Sambamoorthi U. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tooth loss, and edentulism among adults in the United States: 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939). 2020; 151(10): 735-44.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.07.032
30. Manabe K, Tanji F, Tomata Y, Zhang S, Tsuji I. Preventive Effect of Oral Self-Care on Pneumonia Death among the Elderly with Tooth Loss: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2019; 247(4):251-7. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.247.251
31. Medeiros TCC, Areas ESA, Prates RC, Chapple I, Steffens JP. Association between tooth loss, chronic conditions and common risk factors - results from the 2019 brazilian health survey. J Periodontol. 2021. Online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0433
32. Pardo Romero FF, Hernández LJ. Enfermedad periodontal: enfoques epidemiológicos para su análisis como problema de salud pública. Revista de Salud Pública. 2018; 20(2): 258-64. DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n2.64654
33. Nieman DC. Coronavirus disease-2019: A tocsin to our aging, unfit, corpulent, and immunodeficient society. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020; 9(4):293-301. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.001
34. Ng WH, Tipih T, Makoah NA, Vermeulen JG, Goedhals D, Sempa JB, et al. Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. mBio. 2021; 12(1):e03647-20. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03647-20
35. Kaeuffer C, Le Hyaric C, Fabacher T, Mootien J, Dervieux B, Ruch Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with severe COVID-19: prospective analysis of 1,045 hospitalised cases in North-Eastern France, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020; 25(48): 2000895. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.48.2000895
36. Leong R, Lee TJ, Chen Z, Zhang C, Xu J. Global Temporal Patterns of Age Group and Sex Distributions of COVID-19. Infectious disease reports. 2021; 13(2):582-96. DOI: 10.3390/idr13020054
37. Bajgain KT, Badal S, Bajgain BB, Santana MJ. Prevalence of comorbidities among individuals with COVID-19: A rapid review of current literature. American Journal of Infection Control. 2021; 49(2):238-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.213
38. Signes-Costa J, Núñez-Gil IJ, Soriano JB, Arroyo-Espliguero R, Eid CM, Romero R, et al. Prevalence and 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 and prior lung diseases. Archivos de Bronconeumologia. 2021; 57(Suppl 2):13-20. DOI: j.arbres.2020.11.012
39. Larvin H, Wilmott S, Wu J, Kang J. The Impact of Periodontal Disease on Hospital Admission and Mortality During COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in medicine. 2020; 7: 604980. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.604980
40. Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, Daas H, Diab H, Chinta VR, et al. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case-control study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2021; 48(4):483-91. DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13435
41. Holt NR, Neumann JT, McNeil JJ, Cheng AC. Implications of COVID-19 for an ageing population. The Medical journal of Australia. 2020; 213(8): 342-4.e1. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50785
42. Becerra-Muñoz VM, Núñez-Gil IJ, Eid CM, García Aguado M, Romero R, Huang J, et al. Clinical profile and predictors of in-hospital mortality among older patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Age and Ageing. 2021; 50(2): 326-34. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa258
43. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
44. Maldonado Cantillo G. Comportamiento epidemiológico de la Hipertensión arterial en un Policlínico cubano. Horizonte Sanitario. 2020; 19(1):69-77. DOI: 10.19136/hs.a19n1.2899
45. Soeroto AY, Soetedjo NN, Purwiga A, Santoso P, Kulsum ID, Suryadinata H, et al. Effect of increased BMI and obesity on the outcome of COVID-19 adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. 2020; 14(6):1897-904. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.029
Published
2022-04-30
How to Cite
1.
Baganet Cobas Y, Chaple-Gil AM, Caballero-Guerra Y, Chávez-Valdez D. Self-reported periodontal disease, dental loss and COVID-19 in older adults. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2022 Apr. 30 [cited 2025 Feb. 8];51(2):e02201878. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/1878
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