Approaches to the act of looking: The Plague of Azoth

Authors

Keywords:

neurosciences, neurology, observation of art, plague, sociobiology, vision.

Abstract

Contemporary neurosciences continue to separate the act of seeing in the processes of vision and the processes of ocular motor skills, without even proposing a unifying explanation of both aspects of the same reality: as the act of looking. The aim of this article is to explain the act of looking through the series of neurological events that occur and to understand that one looks with consciousness. Visual processes are explained based on the contemporary neuroscientific approach and Informational Sociobiological Theory in Nicolas Poussin's "The Plague of Azoth". While the traditional explanation traditional explanation of neuroscience refers that every stimulus activates a receptor, following a nervous path to the brain, from the Informational Sociobiological Theory, the act of looking is an epiconscious activity, a construction that results from the sum emerging from the five levels of complexity. These integrate this process in the movements that describe the eyes and the action of what is seen simultaneously. "The Plague of Azoth" shows a city plagued by the bubonic plague, with two traits: a divine curse and the presence of breathable miasmas. Poussin not only painted the grounds for a magical (traditional) and scientific explanation, but also for a technological (bacteriological) explanation that would emerge two centuries after his death. In conclusion, the act of looking from the Informational Sociobiological Theory is a process that begins in the neocortex and that integrates information at five levels. This explanation allows us to understand "The Plague of Azoth" as an advanced technological approach.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Jeel Moya-Salazar, Universidad Norbert Wiener

MT

MSc

MPH

MBBS

PhD

Hans Contreras-Pulache, Universidad Norbert Wiener

MBBS

MD

MPH

PhD

References

1. Kandel E. Principios en Neurociencia. New York: McGraw Hill; 2010. [acceso: 01/03/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.worldcat.org/title/principios-de-neurociencia/oclc/48097047

2. Purves D, Agustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara AS, et al. Neurosciencia. 3th Ed. Buenos Aires: Editorial Medica Panamericana; 2016. [acceso: 20/02/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.hse.ru/data/2011/06/22/1215686482/Neuroscience.pdf

3. Bear MF, Paradiso MA, Connors BW. Neurociencia. La exploración del cerebro. 4th Ed. Filadelfia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2016. [acceso: 14/02/2021]. Disponible en: https://mediterraneo.cl/medicina/165-neurociencia-la-exploracion-del-cerebro-4-ed.html

4. Kragel PA, Reddan MC, LaBar KS, Wager TD. Emotion schemas are embedded in the human visual system. Sci Adv. 2019 [acceso: 24/01/2021]; 5(7):eaaw4358. Disponible en: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/7/eaaw4358

5. Courgeon M, Desplan C. Coordination of neural patterning in the Drosophila visual system. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2019 [acceso: 24/01/2021]; 56:153-159. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959438818301648?-via%3Dihub

6. Pearson J. The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019 [acceso: 24/01/2021]; 20(10):624-34. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-019-0202-9

7. Banerjee S, Scheirer WJ, Li L. An Extreme Value Theory Model of Cross-Modal Sensory Information Integration in Modulation of Vertebrate Visual System Functions. Front Comput Neurosci. 2019 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 13:3. Disponible en: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncom.2019.00003/full

8. Heinz A, Murray GK, Schlagenhauf F, Sterzer P, Grace AA, Waltz JA. Towards a Unifying Cognitive, Neurophysiological, and Computational Neuroscience Account of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2019 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 45(5):1092-1100. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article-abstract/45/5/1092/5155538?redirectedFrom=fulltext

9. Lindsey J, Ocko SA, Ganguli S, Deny S. A Unified Theory of Early Visual Representations from Retina to Cortex Through Anatomically Constrained Deep CNNs. arXiv [preprint]. 2019 [acceso: 14/02/2021]. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1901.00945

10. Quiroga RQ, Dudley S, Binnie J. Looking at Ophelia: a comparison of viewing art in the gallery and in the lab. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2011 [acceso: 04/05/2021] 11(3): 15-18. Disponible en: https://www.academia.edu/4238720/Looking_at_Ophelia_a_comparison-_of_viewing_art_in_the_gallery_and_in_the_lab

11. Ortiz P. Psicobiología Social. Tomo 3. 1ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; 2017. [acceso: 04/04/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.uch.edu.pe/fondo-editorial-uch/psicobiologia-social-tomo-iii

12. Ortiz P. Cuadernos de Psicobiología Social 1. 2ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 2010. [acceso: 04/02/2021]. Disponible en: https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/libros/medicina/intro_medi_clin/indice.htm

13. Ortiz P. Cuadernos de Psicobiología Social 6. El nivel consciente de la actividad personal. 1ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 2004. [acceso: 20/02/2021]. Disponible en: https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/libros/medicina/intro_medi_clin/indice.htm

14. Ortiz P. El Sistema de la Personalidad. 2ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; 2017.

15. Ortiz P. Introducción a la Medicina Clínica 3. 1ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; 1999. [acceso: 04/02/2021]. Disponible en: https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/libros/medicina/intro_medi_clin/indice.htm

16. Contreras-Pulache H, Espinoza-Lecca E, Sevillano-Jimenez J. Apuntes sobre la evolución histórica de la obra de Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas y su Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2018 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 35(4):699-706. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342018000400023

17. Contreras-Pulache H, Espinoza-Lecca E, Moya-Salazar J. Aproximación Biográfica a Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas (1933-2011) y Su Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional en el Contexto de la Neurología Científica Peruana. Int J Morphol. 2019 [acceso: 04/02/2021]; 37(4): 1316-24. Disponible en: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022019000401316

18. Ortiz P. El nivel consciente de la memoria: Una hipótesis de trabajo. 1ed. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad de Lima; 1998.

19. Ortiz P. Psicobiología Social. 1ed. Tomo 3. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; 2017.

20. Quiroga RQ, Pedreira C. How Do We See Art: An Eye-Tracker Study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2011 [acceso: 30/01/2021]; 5: 98. Disponible en: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0276237417693564

21. Contreras-Pulache H, Joya AIQ, Moya-Maldonado DS, Oscanoa CAJ, Pérez LSY, Moya-Salazar J. An informational interpretation of the Aveyron's wild child: L'enfant sauvage (1970). J Med Mov. 2019 [acceso: 30/01/2021]; 13(4): 221-30. Disponible en: https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/141937

22. Ortiz P. Organización de la actividad personal en una sociedad globalizada. Health Care & Global Health. 2017 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 1(1):39-48. Disponible en: http://revista.uch.edu.pe/index.php/hgh/article/view/11

23. Moya-Salazar J, Contreras-Pulache L, Lam-Figueroa N, Contreras-Pulache H. An informational sociobiological explanation of the constitution of the human body. F1000research 2021; 10:1253. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53600.1

24. Moya-Salazar J, Contreras-Pulache H. ¿Qué neurociencia se va a enseñar cuando se enseña neurociencia? Presentación de dos modelos explicativos del cerebro humano. Iatrea; 2022; 35(3): 363-9. DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.163

25. Kaunitz LN, Kamienkowski JE, Varatharajah A, Sigman M, Quiroga RQ, Ison MJ. Looking for a face in the crowd: fixation-related potentials in an eye-movement visual search task. Neuroimage. 2014 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 89:297-305. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105381191301210X

26. Quiroga QR. How Do We Recognize a Face? Cell. 2017 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 169(6):975-977. Disponible en: https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(17)30539-1.pdf

27. Sacks O. An Anthropologist on Mars. New York: A.A. Knopf Pres; 1995 [acceso: 04/02/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.oliversacks.com/books-by-oliver-sacks/anthropologist-mars/

28. Contreras-Pulache H. Neurología Fílmica. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; 2016.

29. Asensi V, Fierer J. Of Rats and Men: Poussin's Plague at Ashdod. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 [acceso: 14/02/2021]; 24(1):186-7. Disponible en: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/1/ac-2401_article#:~:text=Poussin%20depicts%20the%20Plague%20at,among%-20dead%20and%20dying%20bodies

30. Stanwell-Smith R. Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: a Life of John Snow. J R Soc Med. 2003 [acceso: 21/04/2022]; 96(12):612-13. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539667/

31. Selin H, Shapiro H. Medicine Across Cultures. 1th Ed. New York: Springer; 2003. [acceso: 04/04/2022]. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/0-306-48094-8

32. Barker S. Poussin, Plague, and Early Modern Medicine. Art Bull. 2019 [acceso: 22/04/2022]; 86(4): 659-689. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043079.2004.10786215

33. Hidalgo A, Bordallo J, Cantabrana B. Utilidad potencial de las artes visuales en la enseñanza de la medicina. Educ Med. 2018 [acceso: 02/04/2022]; 19(3):284-93. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157518131730147X

34. Saura-Carretero Z, López-Aragó M, López-Castellano A, Rodilla V. El arte como herramienta docente en medicina. Educ Med. 2019 [acceso: 14/02/2022]; 20(S1):59-63. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-educacion-medica-71-avance-resumen-el-arte-como-herramienta-docente-S1575181318300019

35. Moya-Salazar J, Contreras-Pulache H, Espinoza-Lecca E. Reader response: Characteristics of graduating US allopathic medical students pursuing a career in neurology. Neurology. 2019 [acceso: 12/02/2022]; 93(17): [aprox. 1 p.]. Disponible en: https://n.neurology.org/content/reader-response-characteristics-graduating-us-allopathic-medical-students-pursuing-career

Published

2023-01-17

How to Cite

1.
Moya-Salazar J, Contreras-Pulache H. Approaches to the act of looking: The Plague of Azoth. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2023 Jan. 17 [cited 2025 Apr. 2];52(1):e02301967. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/1967

Issue

Section

Opinion Article