Antibacterial potential of a mouthwash based on Azadirachta indica (neem) on oral pathogens
Keywords:
antibacterials, vegetable extracts, Azadirachta, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, oral antiseptics.Abstract
Introduction: The high prevalence of oral diseases and the side effects of synthetic drugs has promoted the study of therapeutic alternatives such as medicinal plants that are safe, effective and economical for the population.Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial potential of 2 mouthwashes based on Azadirachta indica (neem) on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis.
Methods: Experimental study. Two mouthwashes were made from the hydroethanolic extract of neen with concentrations of 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. The antibacterial potential was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey in the statistical package SPSS v.26.
Results: For Streptococcus mutans, the halo of the mouthwash with 25 mg/mL of neem extract was 25.12 ± 0.798 mm; that of 50 mg/mL formed a halo of 29.40 ± 1.197 mm; the negative control a halo of 8.62 ± 0.132 mm and chlorhexidine 0.12% a halo of 17.64 ± 0.160 mm. For Enterococcus faecalis , the halo of the mouthwash with 25 mg/mL was 18.23 ± 1,150 mm; that of 50 mg/mL a halo of 20.93 ± 0.487 mm; the negative control a halo of 7.91 ± 0.417 mm and chlorhexidine 0.12% a halo of 16.50 ± 0.505 mm.
Conclusion: Neem-based mouthwashes have in vitro antibacterial potential against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis and could be used in the future to control them and other oral pathogens.
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References
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25. Ali E, Islam MS, Hossen MI, Khatun MM, Islam MA. Extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf exhibits bactericidal effect against multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria of poultry. Vet Med Sci. 2021; 7(5):1921-7. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.511
26. Zihadi MA, Rahman M, Talukder S, Hasan MM, Nahar S, Sikder MH. Antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis and Azadirachta indica leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2019; 6(2):247-52. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f340
27. Singh M, Sharma D, Kumar D, Singh G, Swami G, Rathore MS. Formulation, Development, and Evaluation of Herbal Effervescent Mouthwash Tablet Containing Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Curcumin for the Maintenance of Oral Hygiene. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2020; 14(2):145-61. DOI: 10.2174/1872211314666200820142509
28. Joy S, Nandha K, Jaiswal N, Vasudeva A, Prabha Tyagi S, Pratap U. Antibacterial Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) or Curcuma longa (Turmeric) against Enterococcus faecalis Compared with That of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine in vitro. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2017; 58(2):103-9. DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2015-0029
29. Kumari P, Shenoy SM, Khijmatgar S, Chowdhury A, Lynch E, Chowdhury CR. Antibacterial activity of new atraumatic restorative treatment materials incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) against Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019; 9(4):321-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.06.014
30. Dhingra K, Vandana KL. Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse in plaque and gingivitis control: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2017; 15(1):4-15. DOI: 10.1111/idh.12191
2. Yadav K, Prakash S. Dental Caries: A Microbiological Approach. J Clin Infect Dis Pract. 2017; 2(1):1000118. DOI: 10.4172/2476-213X.1000118
3. Rathee M, Sapra A. Dental Caries. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. [acceso: 02/06/2022]:[aprox. 8 pant.]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551699/
4. Crall JJ, Forrest CB. A Life Course Health Development Perspective on Oral Health. In: Halfon N, Forrest C, Lerner R, Faustman E (eds). Handbook of Life Course Health Development. Springer, Cham. 2018. p. 299-320. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_13
5. Alghamdi F, Shakir M. The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a Dental Root Canal Pathogen on Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2020; 12(3):e7257. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7257
6. Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Current status and future directions: Microbiology of endodontic infections. Int. Endod J. 2022; 55(3):512-30. DOI: 10.1111/iej.13677
7. Prada I, Micó-Muñoz P, Giner-Lluesma T, Micó-Martínez P, Collado-Castellano N, Manzano-Saiz A. Influence of microbiology on endodontic failure. Literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019; 24(3):e364-e372. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22907
8. Rajendiran M, Trivedi HM, Chen D, Gajendrareddy P, Chen L. Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases. Molecules. 2021; 26(7):2001. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072001
9. Radzki D, Wilhelm-Weglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwasnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3926. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073926
10. Uddin TM, Chakraborty AJ, Khusro A, Zidan BR, Mitra S, Emran TB, et al. Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects. J Infect Public Health. 2021; 14(12):1750-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.020
11. Miethke M, Pieroni M, Weber T, Brönstrup M, Hammann P, Halby L, et al. Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics. Nat Rev Chem. 2021; 5:726-49. DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00313-1
12. Kebede T, Gadisa E, Tufa A. Antimicrobial activities evaluation and phytochemical screening of some selected medicinal plants: A possible alternative in the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(3):e0249253. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249253
13. Sedigh-Rahimabadi M, Fani M, Rostami-Chijan M, Zarshenas MM, Shams M. A Traditional Mouthwash (Punica granatum var pleniflora) for Controlling Gingivitis of Diabetic Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017; 22(1):59-67. DOI: 10.1177/2156587216633370
14. Islas JF, Acosta E, G-Buentello Z, Delgado-Gallegos JL, Moreno-Treviño MG, Escalante B, et al. An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health. J Funct Foods. 2020; 74:104171. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104171
15. Wylie MR, Merrell DS. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:891535. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891535
16. Altayb HN, Yassin NF, Hosawi S, Kazmi I. In-vitro and in-silico antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem), methanolic extract, and identification of Beta.d-Mannofuranoside as a promising antibacterial agent. BMC Plant Biol. 2022; 22(1):262. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03650-5
17. Lahiri D, Nag M, Dutta B, Mukherjee I, Ghosh S, Dey A, et al. Catechin as the Most Efficient Bioactive Compound from Azadirachta indica with Antibiofilm and Anti-quorum Sensing Activities Against Dental Biofilm: an In Vitro and In Silico Study. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2021; 193(6):1617-30. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03511-1
18. Bansal V, Gupta M, Bhaduri T, Shaikh SA, Sayed FR, Bansal V, et al. Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An In vitro Study. Niger Med J. 2019; 60(6):285-9. DOI: 10.4103/nmj.NMJ_20_19
19. Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021; 18:17. DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
20. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laborator y standards Institute; 2019 [acceso: 02/06/2022]. Disponible en: https://clsi.org/media/3481/m100ed30_sample.pdf
21. Lu XF, Lin PC, Zi JC, Fan XN. Limonoids from seeds of Azadirachta indica and their antibacterial activity. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2019; 44(22):4864-73. DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190813.202
22. Kalita C, Raja D, Saikia A, Saikia AK. Antibacterial property of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, and Vitex negundo against oral microbes. J Conserv Dent. 2019; 22(6):602-6. DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_268_19
23. Arévalo-Híjar L, Aguilar-Luis MÁ, Caballero-García S, Gonzáles-Soto N, Del Valle-Mendoza J. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) Methanolic Extracts against Strains of Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Dent. 2018; 2018:1071676. DOI: 10.1155/2018/1071676
24. Heyman L, Houri-Haddad Y, Heyman S, Ginsburg I, Gleitman Y, Feuerstein O. Combined antioxidant effects of Neem extract, bacteria, red blood cells and Lysozyme: possible relation to periodontal disease. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17:399. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1900-3
25. Ali E, Islam MS, Hossen MI, Khatun MM, Islam MA. Extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf exhibits bactericidal effect against multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria of poultry. Vet Med Sci. 2021; 7(5):1921-7. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.511
26. Zihadi MA, Rahman M, Talukder S, Hasan MM, Nahar S, Sikder MH. Antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis and Azadirachta indica leaves on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2019; 6(2):247-52. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f340
27. Singh M, Sharma D, Kumar D, Singh G, Swami G, Rathore MS. Formulation, Development, and Evaluation of Herbal Effervescent Mouthwash Tablet Containing Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Curcumin for the Maintenance of Oral Hygiene. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2020; 14(2):145-61. DOI: 10.2174/1872211314666200820142509
28. Joy S, Nandha K, Jaiswal N, Vasudeva A, Prabha Tyagi S, Pratap U. Antibacterial Effect of Azadirachta indica (Neem) or Curcuma longa (Turmeric) against Enterococcus faecalis Compared with That of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine in vitro. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2017; 58(2):103-9. DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2015-0029
29. Kumari P, Shenoy SM, Khijmatgar S, Chowdhury A, Lynch E, Chowdhury CR. Antibacterial activity of new atraumatic restorative treatment materials incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) against Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019; 9(4):321-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.06.014
30. Dhingra K, Vandana KL. Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse in plaque and gingivitis control: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2017; 15(1):4-15. DOI: 10.1111/idh.12191
Published
2023-05-15
How to Cite
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Ruiz-Barrueto MA, Terrones-Campos W, Cueva-Yesán DA, Sánchez-Villavicencio MF, Cabrejo-Paredes JE. Antibacterial potential of a mouthwash based on Azadirachta indica (neem) on oral pathogens. Rev Cubana Med Milit [Internet]. 2023 May 15 [cited 2025 Jan. 10];52(2):e02302386. Available from: https://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/2386
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